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Pharmacology I Exam #2 > Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

Why do antibiotics select for resistant strains?

A

If resistance is present, the antibiotics will always win GIVEN that it is the correct antibiotics for that resistant strain

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2
Q

What is the role that chemotherapy has on microorganism load, and what does this allow for the body to do?

A

Chemotherapy lowers the microorganism load, allowing the body’s defense system to rid of the foreign organism

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3
Q

Which four medications or classes of medications exhibit renal toxicity?

A
  • Cephalosporins
  • Vancomycin
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Sulfa drugs
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4
Q

Which four medications or classes of medications exhibit hepatic toxicity?

A
  • Tetracyclines
  • Erythromycin
  • Clindamycin
  • Sulfa drugs
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5
Q

Which two medications or classes of medications exhibit ototoxicity?

A
  • Aminoglycosides

- Vancomycin

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6
Q

Which two medications or classes of medications exhibit hemopoietic toxicity?

A
  • Chloramphenicol

- Sulfa drugs

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7
Q

Which two medications or classes of medications exhibit hemolytic anemia as an adverse side effect?

A
  • Sulfa drugs

- Nitrofurantoin

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8
Q

Which three medications or classes of medications exhibit photosensitivity as an adverse side effect?

A
  • Tetracyclines
  • Fluoroquinolones
  • Sulfa drugs
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9
Q

What are the three primary mechanisms by which antibiotics select for drug resistance (MOR)?

A
  • Inactivate drug itself
  • Modify drug target
  • Efflux pumps
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10
Q

What are three methods by which antibiotic resistance is acquired (not natural)? Which one requires cell-to-cell contact?

A
  • Transduction
  • Transformation
  • Conjugation: requires cell-to-cell contact
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11
Q

Describe transduction.

A

Bacteriophages

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12
Q

Describe transformation.

A

Incorporation of free DNA

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13
Q

Describe conjugation.

A

Transfer of genes via sex pili

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14
Q

When should empirical therapy be started?

A

BEFORE the pathogen is known

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15
Q

Which antibiotic susceptibility involves cell death?

A

Bactericidal

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16
Q

Which antibiotic susceptibility involves inhibition of growth?

A

Bacteriostatic

17
Q

Why would you use bactericidal over bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriostatic are NOT effective in immunocompromised

- Must use bactericidal (does not rely on immune system)

18
Q

If you have an immunocompromised patient and the only non-resistant antibiotic option is bacteriostatic, what does this mean?

A

They will need to be on life-long bacteriostatic abx therapy

19
Q

Is maintenance of constant blood levels more important with bacteriostatic or bactericidal agents? Why?

A

Maintenance of constant blood levels is more important with bacteriostatic because this helps to prevent the development of resistance

20
Q

What are two antibiotic examples of concentration dependent killing, and what type of agents are these?

A
  • Aminoglycosides (bactericidal)

- Fluoroquinolones (bactericidal)

21
Q

What is concentration dependent killing?

A

Rate and extent of killing is dependent on drug concentration

22
Q

What are two antibiotic examples of time dependent killing, and what type of agents are these?

A
  • Vancomycin (bactericidal)

- Beta-lactams (bactericidal)

23
Q

What is time dependent killing?

A

Rate and extent of killing is dependent on time of exposure to antibiotic
- Killing is NOT increased with increased concentrations

24
Q

What type of agent primarily effects protein synthesis or THF synthesis?

A

Bacteriostatic

25
Q

What type of agent primarily effects cell wall synthesis, DNA synthesis or cell membranes?

A

Bactericidal

26
Q

What is the purpose of post-antibiotic effect (PAE)? What does this look like on a graph?

A

Allows for larger dose with fewer dosing intervals (less frequent = less side effects)
- Graphically, it will take longer for the pathogen to begin regrowing once the abx is removed

27
Q

What two medications are used synergistically to treat Listeria?

A

Ampicillin + Aminoglycoside

28
Q

What two medications are used synergistically to treat Pseudomonas infection?

A

PCN + Aminoglycoside

29
Q

What two medications are used synergistically to treat H. pylori?

A

Tetracycline + Metronidazole

30
Q

With which group of antibiotics are superinfection most frequently observed?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics

31
Q

Are Streptogramins G+ or G-?

A

G+

32
Q

Is Bacitracin G+ or G-?

A

G+

33
Q

Are Macrolides G+ or G-?

A

G+

34
Q

Are Oxazolidinones G+ or G-?

A

G+

35
Q

Is Vancomycin G+ or G-?

A

G+

36
Q

Is Daptomycin G+ or G-?

A

G+

37
Q

Are Aminoglycosides G+ or G-?

A

G-

38
Q

Are Monobactams G+ or G-?

A

G-

39
Q

Are Polypeptide antibiotics G+ or G-?

A

G-

Pharmacology I Exam #2 (5 decks)

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