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Year 2 Pharmacology > Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

What are some proporties of Malignant tumours?

A

Ability to metastasise
Cause loss of function
Invasive

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2
Q

Characteristics of Benign tumours?

A

Lack invasive properties
Unable to metathesizes
However, can grow so may need to be removed if compressing vital organs/vessels ext…

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3
Q

How does someone get a DNA mutation (which causes a cancer cell)

A

Can be inherited: Bracha 1/2 gene for breast ca

Or Acquired: viruses, carcinogens, radiation, smoking, ext..

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4
Q

What’s an Oncogene?

A

A proto-oncogene cell which has mutated - have the potential to cause cancer.

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5
Q

What’s a Proto-Oncogene?

A

A normal cell which has the potential to become an oncogene.

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6
Q

What is the differentiation of cancer cells to normal (say muscle) cells?

A

Cancer cells are poorly differentiated so they can invade other tissues. Where as a muscle cell is found only in muscle tissue.

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7
Q

What are the stages of Metastesis?

A 
Primary Tumour
.....
Invades nearby tissue
....
Grows new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
....
Secondary Tumour
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8
Q

Name some toxic affects of Chemo…

A

This happens because chemo attacks rapidly dividing normal tissues as well as cancerous ones:

Bone marrow suppression – outcome?
Impaired wound healing
Loss of hair
Damage to GI epithelium (inc. mouth)
Growth stunted (children)
Reproductive system → sterility
Teratogenicity
and more............
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9
Q

What are the classes of anti-cancer drugs?

A
  1. Cytotoxic (alkylating, antimetabolites, antibiotics, plant derivatives) – block DNA synthesis/ prevent cell division
  2. Hormones (+ their antagonists) – suppress opposing hormone secretion or inhibit their actions
  3. Monoclonal antibodies – target specific cancer cells
  4. Protein kinase inhibitors – block cell signalling pathways in rapidly dividing cells
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10
Q

What are the Categories of cytotoxic agents and what do cytotoxic agents do?

A

Cytotoxic agents block DNA synthesis- preventing cell division

Alkylating agents
Antimetabolites
Cytotoxic Antibiotics
Plant derivatives

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11
Q

Carmusting &; Comustine are under NITROSOUREAS alkylating agents.

But what are they particularly useful for?

A

They are good at crossing the blood brain barries as they are very lipophilic so are good at treating CNS tumours.

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12
Q

Name some Nitrogen Mustards…

A 
Mechlorethamine
Cyclophosphamide
Mephalan
Chlorambucil
Bendamustine
Estramustine

Some end in MUSTINE (mustard)

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13
Q

Antimetabolite - CYTOTOXIC chemos

Why are folate antagonists good for cancer treatment (ie methotrexate - good for childhood leukaemia)

A

Because folate is essentail for DNA synthesis + cell division so by blocking that you prevent cell division!

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14
Q

Give examples of platinum compoinds…

Alkylating agent- cytotoxic

A

Cisplatin
Carboplatin
Oxaliplatin
(PLATIN for platinum)

Given IV but resistance can occur

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15
Q

What do ‘Purine-Analogues’ do and name some?

Antimetabolites- CYTOTOXIC

A

They inhibin purine metabolism (purine is used to build the nucleotides of dna and rna)

Mercaptopurine
Fludarabine
Pentostatin

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16
Q

Cytotoxic Antibiotics bind to DNA and inhibit DNA + RNA Synthesis. Name some cytotoxic antibiotics

A

DOXORUBICIN- iv watch out for heart SE
DACTINOMYCIN
MITOMYCIN
BLEOMYCIN

All end in MYCIN - like some antibiotics

17
Q

What plant derivative of cytotoxic chemotherapies originate from the Madagascar Periwinkle?

A

Vinca Alkaloids
Relitively non-toxic and effects only occur in the metosis cycle of a cell (M). Prevents spiral formation

ie- Vincristine, Vinblastine, Vindestine

18
Q

What plant derivatives (cytotoxic chemotherapies) are derived from the bark of the Yew Tree?

A

Taxanes - similar mechanism to vince alkaloids

eg Daclitaxel, Doxetaxil, Paclitaxel

Geting bark of trees is very ‘taxing’

19
Q

What plant derivative (cytotoxic chemotherapies) must you keep away from your skin

A

Etoposide ‘don’t get it etop of your skin’

Made of the mandrake root- long history of medical uses. used in testicular cancer and lymphoma.

20
Q

What hormone antagonist is commonly used to treat R-Positive breast cancer.

A

TAMOXIFEN

SE: menopausal symptons, increased blood clot risk, may cause endometrial cancer.

21
Q

What do hormone chemotherapies do and what cancers to they aim to treat?

A

They treat hormone related cancers:

  • breast
  • prostate
  • ovarian

and they work by supressing the opposing hormone secretion or inhibit their action.

22
Q

When are these hormore chemotherapies used:
‘Antagonists of androgen-dependent’

ie Ethinyloestradiol + (Diethylstilbestrol)

A

They are used in palliative treatment (especailly in prostate)
And can be used to stimulate stimulate resting mammary cancer cells to proliferate - so they are easier to treat.

SE: Nausia, fluid retention, thrombosis, impotents

23
Q

Name some Progestogens hormone chemotherapies and their uses…

A

Progestogens are used in to treat endometrial cancer and are called:

  • Megestrol,
  • medroxyprogesterone,
  • norethisterone

End in stone/ol like progesteRONE…
Works as cancers rely on hormone secretion in order to grow!

24
Q

How do GnRH analogues work?

A

GnRH analogues inhibit GnRH and therefore:

GnRH rel. → ↓ LH/ FSH → ↓ testosterone

So are used in testosterone related cancers such as Prostate and in advanced breast ca in premenopausal women
Works as cancers rely on hormone secretion in order to grow!

25
Q

What hoemone chemotherapy is used to used to treat hormone-secreting tumours of GI tract?

A

Somatostatin analogues

Such as: octreotide, lanreotide .
They work by:
Inhibiting cell proliferation/ hormone (CCK/ gastrin) secretion

Works as cancers rely on hormone secretion in order to grow!

26
Q

How can glucocorticoids be used to treat cancer. And name some…

A

Prednisolone & dexamethasone

Inhibit lymphocyte proliferation → treatment of lymphomas/ leukaemias

Counter some side-effects of other anti-cancer drugs (e.g. nausea/ vomiting)

i.e. used as supportive therapy/ in palliative care

27
Q

How do Monoclonal antibiotics work in the treatment of cancer?

A

They react with specific target proteins expressed on cancer cells
Which then activates immune system

Causing lysis of cancer cells (breaking down of cancer cell membrane)

Can sometimes also promote cell dealth (apoptosis) by inhibiting cancer cell survival

28
Q

Name some positives and negatives of monoclonal antibiotics for cancer treatment…

A

Advantages: targeted therapy so fewer side-effects

Disadvantage: expensive; must be given in combination with other drugs

29
Q

What Monoclonal Antibiotic targets:

CD20 protein, only on certain lymphoma cells causing lysis of B-lymphocytes?

A

Rituximab

Have to test prior to treatment if patient has a tumour that expresses the CD20 protein

30
Q

What is the other name for Trastuzumab (the Monoclonal Antibiotic)?

A

Herceptin

Binds to tumours HER2 causing immune response and cell inhibitors . Used in breast CA treatment

31
Q

Name the 4 Monoclonal Antibiotics and their main uses

hint MAB

A

Rituximab- non hogkins limphoma (only is show CD20 protein)

Transtuzumab- (Herceptin) breast ca

Ofatumab- Used to treat resistant chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

Bevvizumab- Treatment of colorectal cancer, iv with other drugs

32
Q

What group of Chemotherapy are

Imatinib
Dasatinib
Nibtinib

A

Protein Kinase Inhibitors

33
Q

How do Protein Kinase Inhibitors work and what cancers do they treat?

A

They block cell signalling pathways in rapidly dividing cells by blocking Tyrosie Kinase.

Used in Chronic Myloid Leukemia (CML) with poor prognosis.

34
Q

Name some anti-sickness drugs that help with SE of chemo…

A

Ondansetron, Granistron,
5HT3R antagonists → effective vs cytotoxic drug-induced vomiting

Metoclopramide
dopamine (D2R) antagonist
35
Q

What is
Lenograstim
and how is it used?

A

It’s a recombinant GM-CSF

Used to boost stem cell production which speedes up recovery of immune system

Year 2 Pharmacology (11 decks)

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