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Module 204, Theme 1: Immunology > Chemokines and cytokines > Flashcards

Chemokines and cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanism of all cytokines

A

Triggers two receptor subunits to ligate

- Sends a signalling cascade to activate transcription of genes

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2
Q

Cytokines important for common myeloid progenitor differentiation

A

GM-CSF

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3
Q

Cytokines important for mast cell differentiation

A

GM-CSF

SCF

G-CSF

IL-6

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4
Q

Important cytokines in hematopoiesis

A

GM-CSF

SCF

G-CSF

IL-2, IL-6, IL-11, IL-5

EPO

TPO

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5
Q

Important cytokines in T cell differentiation

A

IL-2

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6
Q

Inteferons

  • IFN-a
  • IFN-b
  • IFN-g
A

Interferes with viral infection

IFN-a
- made by Lymphocytes

IFN-b
- made by fibroblasts

IFN-g

  • Poor antiviral
  • Made by lymphocytes and NK cells
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7
Q

Immune activators:

  • Lymphocyte activating cytokines
  • T cell growth factors
  • Macrophage activating cytokines
A

Lymphocyte activating cytokines
- IL-1

T cell growth factors
- IL-2

Macrophage activating cytokines

  • IFN-gamma
  • TNF-alpha
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8
Q

Cytotoxins

A

Products of activated lymphocytes or macrophages
- Can kill tumour cells

Includes
- TNF-alpha.

TNF was tested as a potential anti-cancer agent but was too toxic.

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9
Q

B cell activating molecules [4]

A

Secreted by Th2 cells:

IL-4

IL-5

IL-10

TGF-beta

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10
Q

TH1 cells

A

Type of CD4 helper cell.

Secretes macrophage activating effector molecules:

  • IFN-gamma
  • TNF-alpha
  • CD40 ligand

Other cytokines secreted:

  • Fas ligand
  • IL-2
  • IL-3, GM-CSF

Cytokines are important for inflammation

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11
Q

TH2 cells

A

Type of CD4 helper cell.

Secretes B-cell activating effector molecules.

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12
Q

SCID

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency
- X-linked: genetic inactivation of a receptor

The receptor is involved in the signalling of:

  • IL-2 (required for T-cell growth/ differentiation)
  • IL-4 (Required for B cell activation)
  • IL-7 (T cell growth factor)
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13
Q

Cachexia and cytokines

A

Activated macrophages produces TNF which induces cachexia through inflammation.

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14
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Heat

Swelling

Pain

Redness

Tissue damage/ loss of function

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15
Q

Mechanism of inflammation

A

Inflammatory cytokines released act on the vascular endothelium.
- Increases vascular permeability–> red, heat, swelling.

Also production of prostaglandins and chemokines.–> migration of inflammatory cells, to release inflammatory mediators= pain

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16
Q

TNF mediated diseases

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

Inflammatory bowel disease

Also:

  • Septic shock
  • Diabetes
  • Graft vs host rejection
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
17
Q

Cytokines and allergies

A

Mainly mediated by Th2 cells

- Releases IL-4, 5 , 9 and 13.

18
Q

Th17

A

T cell subset involved in inflammation

- Secretes IL-17.

19
Q

Treg cells

A

Regulatory cells

- Secreted anti-inflammatory molecules: IL-10= inhibits activity of other cells.

20
Q

Chemokines

A

Stimulate the migration of cells towards a gradient (chemotaxis)

21
Q

MCP-1

A

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- Also called Chemokine (C-C motif) 2, CCL2

Causes macrophages to accumulate at the site of infection.

22
Q

IL-8

A

Chemokine produced by macrophages, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle airway cells.
- Acts on CXCR1 receptor

Primarily induces neutrophils into the site of infection.

23
Q

Therapeutic use of IFN-beta

A

Used to treat Multiple sclerosis
- Immunomodulation: reduces the amount of relapse attacks

Works by balancing pro and anti-inflammatory markers in the brain + reducing inflammatory cells in blood brain barrier

24
Q

Therapeutic use of IL-2

A

Melanoma

Renal cell carcinoma

25
Q

Therapeutic use of TNF-alpha

A

Used to treat:

  • Hairy cell leukemia
  • Kaposi sarcoma
  • Viral hepatitis (antiviral properties)
26
Q

Therapeutic use of GM-CSF

A
  • Myeloreconstitution following bone marrow transplant

- Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia

27
Q

Therapeutic use of G-CSF

A

Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia

28
Q

Therapeutic use of IL-11

A

Thrombocytopenia in oncology

29
Q

Therapeutic use of EPO

A

Anaemia

30
Q

Cytokine inhibitors

A

Includes:

Anti-receptor antibody: blocks binding site of receptor

Antibodies to block cytokines or their soluble receptors

31
Q

IL-1 R antagonist

A

Anakinra

- Treats rhumatoid arthritis

32
Q

Ustekinumab

A

Antibody drug that inhibits Il-12 and IL-23

- Sued to treat psoriasis and Crohn’s

33
Q

Side effects of anti-TNF, anti-IL-17, anti-IL-6

A

They’re used to to chronic inflammation but, they are important in innate immunity
- Increases susceptibility to TB and serious opportunistic infections

34
Q

Anti-IL-4R

A

Eczema

35
Q

Anti-IL-5

A

asthma

36
Q

Anti-IL-17, -12, -23

A

psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn

37
Q

Anti-IL-6, IL-6R

A

rheumatoid arthritis

38
Q

IL-1Ra

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, CAPS

39
Q

Anti-TNF and sTNFR

A

R.A., Chron’s, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis

Module 204, Theme 1: Immunology (22 decks)

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