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Boards part 1 > Chemistry word associations > Flashcards

Chemistry word associations Flashcards

1
Q

Process in which there is a loss of hydrogen electrons

A

Oxidation

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2
Q

Process in which there is a gain of hydrogen electrons

A

Reduction

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3
Q

Replacement of hydrogen by a carboxyl group [-COOH]

A

Carboxylation

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4
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a carboxyl group

A

Carboxylase

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5
Q

Removal of the carboxyl group [-COOH]

A

Decarboxylation

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6
Q

An enzyme that catalyzes the release of CO2 from compounds

A

Decarboxylase

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7
Q

Reaction that combines H2O with a salt to produce acid and base

A

Hydrolysis

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8
Q

An enzyme that causes hydrolysis

A

Hydrolase

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9
Q

Movement of a phosphate [PO4] from one molecule to another

A

Phosphorylation

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10
Q

An enzyme that removes a phosphate to an organic compound

A

Phosphatase

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11
Q

An enzyme that adds a phosphate to an organic compound

A

Kinase

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12
Q

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of one group to another

A

Transferase

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13
Q

A substance which speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

A

Enzyme

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14
Q

Inactive precursor protein with an additional peptide attached

A

Pro-enzyme

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15
Q

Maximum velocity of a reaction

A

Vmax

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16
Q

The amount of substrate required to reach ½ of the Vmax

A

Kmax

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17
Q

A substance which slows down the rate of an enzyme reaction

A

Inhibitor

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18
Q

Competition and Allosterism

A

Enzymatic regulation

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19
Q

Actively competes with substrate for the active site

A

Competition

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20
Q

Chemical bond between two amino acids

A

Peptide bond

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21
Q

Chemical bond between the base bases found in DNA

A

Hydrogen bond

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22
Q

Chemical bond between glycerol and fatty acids

A

Ester bond

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23
Q

Chemical bond between two sugars

A

Glycosidic bind

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24
Q

Chemical bond between nucleotides

A

Phosphodiester

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25
Q

Constituents of starch

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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26
Q

Long, unbranched chains of glucose linked at C1 and C4- α1,4link

A

Amylose

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27
Q

Fewerbranchesofglucosewithα1,4and1,6linkedbranches

A

Amylopectin

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28
Q

Comprised of glucose and fructose; found in table sugar and fruit

A

Sucrose

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29
Q

Contains galactose linked to glucose; found in milk; β1,4link

A

Lactose

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30
Q

Form in which excess glucose is stored in skeletal muscle

A

Glycogen

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31
Q

Aldopentose [5 Carbon] sugar

A

Ribose

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32
Q

Ketohexose [6 Carbon] sugar

A

Fructose

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33
Q

A crucial step that controls how fast or slow the pathway goes

A

Rate limiting step

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34
Q

The most important control point-rate limiting step in glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase

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35
Q

Number of pyruvate produced from one glucose in glycolysis

A

2

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36
Q

Number of ATP produced from the breakdown of one glucose molecule

A

4 ATP

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37
Q

Number of NADH produced from the breakdown of one glucose

A

2 NADH

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38
Q

Net ATP gain from the breakdown of one glucose molecule

A

2 ATP

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39
Q

Main fate of pyruvate

A

Converted to Acetyl CoA

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40
Q

Alternate fates of pyruvate

A

Lactate and Alanine

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41
Q

Process of creating new glucose from the end-products of glycolysis

A

Gluconeogenesis

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42
Q

Irreversible steps in glycolysis that are replaced in gluconeogenesis

A

Steps 1, 3 and 10

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43
Q

Location of gluconeogenesis

A

Mitochondria and cytoplasm

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44
Q

Lactate is converted to pyruvate which is converted to Glucose

A

Sequence of events

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45
Q

Causes Pyruvate to build up; results in excess lactic acid production

A

Biotin deficiency

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46
Q

Rate limiting step in gluconeogenesis

A

F1,6 bisphosphatase

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47
Q

Hormone which inhibits gluconeogenesis

A

Insulin

48
Q

Location of Krebs cycle

A

Mitochondrial matrix

49
Q

Destination of the energy harvested from the Krebs cycle

A

Electron Transport Chain

50
Q

Number of ATPs generated from 1 NADH

A

3 ATP

51
Q

Number of ATPs generated from 1 FADH2

A

2 ATP

52
Q

Total ATP generated by the breakdown of one molecule of glucose

A

38 ATP

53
Q

Alternate fuel types for the Krebs cycle

A

Proteins and fat

54
Q

Succinyl CoA, Oxaloacetate, Fumarate and α-ketoglutarate

A

Sites at which proteins enter

55
Q

α-ketoglutarate and Succinyl CoA

A

Sites at which fats can enter

56
Q

Location of Electron Transport Chain

A

Inner mitochondrial matrix

57
Q

Role of Electron Transport Chain

A

Transfer electrons to O2

58
Q

A compound which has both reduce and oxidized form of a molecule

A

Redox pair

59
Q

NAD [oxidized] and NADH [reduced]

A

Redox pair example

60
Q

Drop-off point for NADH

A

Complex I

61
Q

Drop-off point for FADH2

A

Complex II

62
Q

Alternate name for CoQ10

A

Ubiquinone

63
Q

Heme containing compounds that receive electrons from CoQH2

A

Cytochromes

64
Q

Other metal which is important to the electron Transport Chain

A

Copper

65
Q

Purpose of the Cori cycle

A

Prevents lactic acidosis

66
Q

Purpose of the hexose monophosphate shunt

A

Produce NADPH, ribose

67
Q

Location of the pentose phosphate pathway

A

Cytosol

68
Q

Rate limiting enzyme

A

G6P dehydrogenase

69
Q

Site of glycogen metabolism

A

Cytosol

70
Q

RATE LIMITING enzyme; used to lengthen the glycogen chain

A

Glycogen Synthase

71
Q

Chemical bonds between glucose molecules: mainly 1-4 links

A

Glycosidic bond

72
Q

Rate Limiting enzyme in glycogenolysis, activated by ATP

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

73
Q

Sites for glycogenolysis

A

Heart, liver and muscle

74
Q

Name of enzyme that changes G1P to G6P

A

Phosphoglucomutase

75
Q

Group consisting of Carbon with Oxygen and a hydroxyl attached

A

Carboxyl group

76
Q

One with no double bond between the carbon atoms [C-C]

A

Saturated fatty acid

77
Q

One with one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

78
Q

L inoleicacid[vegetableoilΩ-6] and linolenic acid [fish oil- Ω3]

A

Essential fatty acids

79
Q

Location of lipolysis

A

Mitochondria

80
Q

Site of lipogenesis

A

Cytosol

81
Q

Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis and target for statins

A

HMG CoA reductase

82
Q

Starting point for steroid hormone synthesis

A

Cholesterol

83
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Ile, Met, His, Leu and Lys

84
Q

Non-essential amino acids

A

Pro, Try, Gly, Ala, Glu, Asp, Gln, Arg, Ser and Cys

85
Q

Removal of the amine NH2 group

A

Deamination

86
Q

Source of nitrogen for the urea cycle

A

Glutamate and alanine

87
Q

Location of the urea cycle

A

Mitochondrion then cytosol

88
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in the urea cycle

A

Carbamoyl PO4 synthase

89
Q

Purine or Pyrimidine base PLUS sugar

A

Nucleoside

90
Q

Purine or Pyrimidine base PLUS sugar AND phosphate

A

Nucleotide

91
Q

Adenine and Guanine; used to make nucleosides and nucleotides

A

Purine bases

92
Q

Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine

A

Pyrimidine bases

93
Q

Adenine & Thymine; Cytosine & Guanine; Adenine & Uracil

A

Base pairs

94
Q

Converts xanthine into uric acid

A

Xanthine oxidase

95
Q

Process by which RNA template for protein synthesis is made from DNA

A

Transcription

96
Q

Process by which RNA codon begins to make an protein

A

Translation

97
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A

D, A, K and E

98
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

B and C

99
Q

Anti-oxidants

A

Vitamin A,C, E and selenium

100
Q

Used to make rhodopsin, helps in the differentiation of epithelial tissue

A

Vitamin A

101
Q

Used in carboxylation of glutamate residue in making clotting factors

A

Vitamin K

102
Q

Powerful antioxidant which mops free radicals; lipid antioxidant

A

Vitamin E

103
Q

CofactorinPyruvatekinaseandα-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

A

Vitamin B1 [Thiamine]

104
Q

Precursor for FMN and FAD in the ETC and Redox reactions

A

Vitamin B2 [Riboflavin]

105
Q

Precursor for NAD and NADP in the Electron Transport Chain

A

Vitamin B3 [Niacin]

106
Q

Acyl carrier as part of Coenzyme A; Pantene ProV [V=Five]

A

Vitamin B5 [Pantothenic acid]

107
Q

Cofactor for several transaminase and decarboxylation reactions

A

Vitamin B6 [Pyridoxin]

108
Q

Used in carboxylation reactions; deficiency causes lactic acidosis

A

Vitamin B7 [Biotin]

109
Q

Used in the transfer of 1-Carbon units and make methionine and purines

A

Vitamin B9 [folic acid]

110
Q

Cofactor for methionine and succinyl CoA manufacture

A

Vitamin B12 [cobalamin]

111
Q

Cofactor in hydroxylation in the synthesis of collagen

A

Vitamin C [ascorbic acid]

112
Q

Necessary in the Electron Transport Chain and found in prunes

A

Copper

113
Q

Cofactor of carbonic anhydrase found in seafood, meat and whole grain

A

Zinc

114
Q

Forms complexes with ATP and found in nuts

A

Magnesium

115
Q

Helps with glucose transport into cells and found in oysters

A

Chromium

Boards part 1 (4 decks)

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