Chemistry word associations Flashcards
1
Q
Process in which there is a loss of hydrogen electrons
A
Oxidation
2
Q
Process in which there is a gain of hydrogen electrons
A
Reduction
3
Q
Replacement of hydrogen by a carboxyl group [-COOH]
A
Carboxylation
4
Q
Enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a carboxyl group
A
Carboxylase
5
Q
Removal of the carboxyl group [-COOH]
A
Decarboxylation
6
Q
An enzyme that catalyzes the release of CO2 from compounds
A
Decarboxylase
7
Q
Reaction that combines H2O with a salt to produce acid and base
A
Hydrolysis
8
Q
An enzyme that causes hydrolysis
A
Hydrolase
9
Q
Movement of a phosphate [PO4] from one molecule to another
A
Phosphorylation
10
Q
An enzyme that removes a phosphate to an organic compound
A
Phosphatase
11
Q
An enzyme that adds a phosphate to an organic compound
A
Kinase
12
Q
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of one group to another
A
Transferase
13
Q
A substance which speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
A
Enzyme
14
Q
Inactive precursor protein with an additional peptide attached
A
Pro-enzyme
15
Q
Maximum velocity of a reaction
A
Vmax
16
Q
The amount of substrate required to reach ½ of the Vmax
A
Kmax
17
Q
A substance which slows down the rate of an enzyme reaction
A
Inhibitor
18
Q
Competition and Allosterism
A
Enzymatic regulation
19
Q
Actively competes with substrate for the active site
A
Competition
20
Q
Chemical bond between two amino acids
A
Peptide bond
21
Q
Chemical bond between the base bases found in DNA
A
Hydrogen bond
22
Q
Chemical bond between glycerol and fatty acids
A
Ester bond
23
Q
Chemical bond between two sugars
A
Glycosidic bind
24
Q
Chemical bond between nucleotides
A
Phosphodiester
25
Constituents of starch
Amylose and amylopectin
26
Long, unbranched chains of glucose linked at C1 and C4- α 1,4 link
Amylose
27
Fewer branches of glucose with α 1,4 and 1,6 linked branches
Amylopectin
28
Comprised of glucose and fructose; found in table sugar and fruit
Sucrose
29
Contains galactose linked to glucose; found in milk; β 1,4 link
Lactose
30
Form in which excess glucose is stored in skeletal muscle
Glycogen
31
Aldopentose [5 Carbon] sugar
Ribose
32
Ketohexose [6 Carbon] sugar
Fructose
33
A crucial step that controls how fast or slow the pathway goes
Rate limiting step
34
The most important control point-rate limiting step in glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase
35
Number of pyruvate produced from one glucose in glycolysis
2
36
Number of ATP produced from the breakdown of one glucose molecule
4 ATP
37
Number of NADH produced from the breakdown of one glucose
2 NADH
38
Net ATP gain from the breakdown of one glucose molecule
2 ATP
39
Main fate of pyruvate
Converted to Acetyl CoA
40
Alternate fates of pyruvate
Lactate and Alanine
41
Process of creating new glucose from the end-products of glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
42
Irreversible steps in glycolysis that are replaced in gluconeogenesis
Steps 1, 3 and 10
43
Location of gluconeogenesis
Mitochondria and cytoplasm
44
Lactate is converted to pyruvate which is converted to Glucose
Sequence of events
45
Causes Pyruvate to build up; results in excess lactic acid production
Biotin deficiency
46
Rate limiting step in gluconeogenesis
F1,6 bisphosphatase
47
Hormone which inhibits gluconeogenesis
Insulin
48
Location of Krebs cycle
Mitochondrial matrix
49
Destination of the energy harvested from the Krebs cycle
Electron Transport Chain
50
Number of ATPs generated from 1 NADH
3 ATP
51
Number of ATPs generated from 1 FADH2
2 ATP
52
Total ATP generated by the breakdown of one molecule of glucose
38 ATP
53
Alternate fuel types for the Krebs cycle
Proteins and fat
54
Succinyl CoA, Oxaloacetate, Fumarate and α-ketoglutarate
Sites at which proteins enter
55
α-ketoglutarate and Succinyl CoA
Sites at which fats can enter
56
Location of Electron Transport Chain
Inner mitochondrial matrix
57
Role of Electron Transport Chain
Transfer electrons to O2
58
A compound which has both reduce and oxidized form of a molecule
Redox pair
59
NAD [oxidized] and NADH [reduced]
Redox pair example
60
Drop-off point for NADH
Complex I
61
Drop-off point for FADH2
Complex II
62
Alternate name for CoQ10
Ubiquinone
63
Heme containing compounds that receive electrons from CoQH2
Cytochromes
64
Other metal which is important to the electron Transport Chain
Copper
65
Purpose of the Cori cycle
Prevents lactic acidosis
66
Purpose of the hexose monophosphate shunt
Produce NADPH, ribose
67
Location of the pentose phosphate pathway
Cytosol
68
Rate limiting enzyme
G6P dehydrogenase
69
Site of glycogen metabolism
Cytosol
70
RATE LIMITING enzyme; used to lengthen the glycogen chain
Glycogen Synthase
71
Chemical bonds between glucose molecules: mainly 1-4 links
Glycosidic bond
72
Rate Limiting enzyme in glycogenolysis, activated by ATP
Glycogen phosphorylase
73
Sites for glycogenolysis
Heart, liver and muscle
74
Name of enzyme that changes G1P to G6P
Phosphoglucomutase
75
Group consisting of Carbon with Oxygen and a hydroxyl attached
Carboxyl group
76
One with no double bond between the carbon atoms [C-C]
Saturated fatty acid
77
One with one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms
Unsaturated fatty acid
78
L inoleic acid [vegetable oil Ω-6] and linolenic acid [fish oil- Ω 3]
Essential fatty acids
79
Location of lipolysis
Mitochondria
80
Site of lipogenesis
Cytosol
81
Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis and target for statins
HMG CoA reductase
82
Starting point for steroid hormone synthesis
Cholesterol
83
Essential amino acids
Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Ile, Met, His, Leu and Lys
84
Non-essential amino acids
Pro, Try, Gly, Ala, Glu, Asp, Gln, Arg, Ser and Cys
85
Removal of the amine NH2 group
Deamination
86
Source of nitrogen for the urea cycle
Glutamate and alanine
87
Location of the urea cycle
Mitochondrion then cytosol
88
Rate limiting enzyme in the urea cycle
Carbamoyl PO4 synthase
89
Purine or Pyrimidine base PLUS sugar
Nucleoside
90
Purine or Pyrimidine base PLUS sugar AND phosphate
Nucleotide
91
Adenine and Guanine; used to make nucleosides and nucleotides
Purine bases
92
Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine
Pyrimidine bases
93
Adenine & Thymine; Cytosine & Guanine; Adenine & Uracil
Base pairs
94
Converts xanthine into uric acid
Xanthine oxidase
95
Process by which RNA template for protein synthesis is made from DNA
Transcription
96
Process by which RNA codon begins to make an protein
Translation
97
Water-soluble vitamins
D, A, K and E
98
Fat soluble vitamins
B and C
99
Anti-oxidants
Vitamin A,C, E and selenium
100
Used to make rhodopsin, helps in the differentiation of epithelial tissue
Vitamin A
101
Used in carboxylation of glutamate residue in making clotting factors
Vitamin K
102
Powerful antioxidant which mops free radicals; lipid antioxidant
Vitamin E
103
Cofactor in Pyruvate kinase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Vitamin B1 [Thiamine]
104
Precursor for FMN and FAD in the ETC and Redox reactions
Vitamin B2 [Riboflavin]
105
Precursor for NAD and NADP in the Electron Transport Chain
Vitamin B3 [Niacin]
106
Acyl carrier as part of Coenzyme A; Pantene ProV [V=Five]
Vitamin B5 [Pantothenic acid]
107
Cofactor for several transaminase and decarboxylation reactions
Vitamin B6 [Pyridoxin]
108
Used in carboxylation reactions; deficiency causes lactic acidosis
Vitamin B7 [Biotin]
109
Used in the transfer of 1-Carbon units and make methionine and purines
Vitamin B9 [folic acid]
110
Cofactor for methionine and succinyl CoA manufacture
Vitamin B12 [cobalamin]
111
Cofactor in hydroxylation in the synthesis of collagen
Vitamin C [ascorbic acid]
112
Necessary in the Electron Transport Chain and found in prunes
Copper
113
Cofactor of carbonic anhydrase found in seafood, meat and whole grain
Zinc
114
Forms complexes with ATP and found in nuts
Magnesium
115
Helps with glucose transport into cells and found in oysters
Chromium
