Chemistry- Unit Test Flashcards
What is the Particle Thoery of Matter?
- All matter is made of individual particles
- the particles are always moving- the higher the temperature, the faster they move
- Particles are attracted to each other
What are the properties of a solid? What do the particles do?
the particles jiggle in place because they cant overcome the forces of attraction
What are the properties of a liquid? What do the particles do?
the particles have enough energy to move past each other, but cant completely overcome the forces of attraction so stay in contact
What are the properties of a gas? What do the particles do?
the particles have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction and move independantly
What model of the atom is this? Was it first, second, third or last? + breif description
Model: Dalton
First model of an atom
shows: atoms of different elements have different properties
What is Daltons theory of his model?
- all matter is made of small indivisable particles called atoms
- all the atoms of an element are identical in properties such as size and mass
- atoms of different elements have different properties
- atoms of different elements can combine in specific ways to form new substances
What is the reason for a new model AFTER DALTONS MODEL?
They found atoms could be made to give off electrons
What model of the atom is this? Was it first, second, third or last? + breif description
Model: Thompson
Second Model ofthe Atom
Shows: all atoms must have electrons and since the atom has no overall electric charge, the sphere must be positive with negative electrons in it.
What was Thompsons theory of his model?
- Through experimenting with electric currents in a glass tube, he reasoned that all atoms must have electrons and since the atom has no overall electric charge, the sphere must be positive with negative electrons in it
(chocolate chip muffin model)
What is the reason for a new model AFTER THOMPSON’S MODEL?
- the gold foil experiment
What model of the atom is this? Was it first, second, third or last?
Model: Rutherford
Third Model of the Atom
What is Rutherfords theory of his model?
- through the gold foil experiment he realized that most particles went straight through, but 1 in 10,000 bounced back because it had been deflected by something big and positively charged
- he found the NUCLEUS- it ha most of the atoms mass and was very small compared to the size of the whole atom
What was the reason for the new model AFTER RUTHERFORDS MODEL?
- each atom gives off specific colours of light when excited by heat or electricity by jumping through different energy levels
What model of the atom is this? Was it first, second, third or last?
Model: Bohr
Fourth Model of the Atom
What was Bohr’s theory with his model?
- electrons were in different energy levels and could jump between levels by gaining or losing energy
- there is a maximum number of electrons in each shell
What model of the atom is this? Was it first, second, third or last? + it’s theory
Model: Modern Quantum Model
Most Modern model of the atom
Theory:
- electrons exist in specific energy levels but as a cloud instead of tiny points
What did Rutherford do in his gold foil experiment?
He directed a stream of small dense particles from a radioactive source at a piece of gold foil only a few atoms thick
What did Rutherford expect to happen in his experiment?
He expected that the particles would go straight through the foil because Thompson’s model showed small light electrons in a positive matrix
What happened in Rutherfords gold foil experiment?
- he realized 1 in 10,000 bounced back because they must have hit something very small but very dense
- the new model shows the majority of the mass is concentrated in a small “nucleus” at the center with electrons surrounding it
What is the location, charge and atomic mass of a PROTON?
Location: Nucleus
Charge: +1 (positive)
Atomic Mass: 1 amu
What is the location, charge and atomic mass of a NEUTRON?
Loation: Nucleus
Charge: 0 (neutral)
Atomic Mass: 1amu
What is the location, charge and atomic mass of an ELECTRON?
Location: around the nucleus
Charge -1 (negative)
Atomic Mass: About equal to 0 amu
What is the atomic number?
Atomic Number = Number of Protons
(the number of protons is the atomic number)
What is the number of protons equal to?
Number of Protons = Number of Electrons
What does the atomic mass equal?
Atomic Mass= # of Protons + # of Neutrons
Do metals gain or lose electrons?
Metals LOSE electrons
Do non-metals gain or lose electrons?
Non-metals GAIN electrons
Metals:
- What colour are they?
- Can they conduct electricity or heat?
- What state are they at room temperature?
- What texture are they in general?
- What do they react with?
- Shiny and grey or silver except gold and copper
- good conductors of electricity and heat
- solid at room temperature except mercury- its a liquid
- most are malleable and ductile
- most react with air, some with water
Non-metals:
- What colour are they?
- Can they conduct electricity or heat?
- What state are they at room temperature?
- What texture are they in general?
- Additional Info?
- brightly coloured
- poor conductors of electricity and heat
- Most are gases, some are acids and the solids are brittle (when in solid form)
- brittle
- 11 gases, 5 solids, 1 liquid, most are brittle
Metalloids:
- What colour are they?
- Can they conduct electricity or heat?
- What state are they at room temperature?
- What texture are they in general?
- Additional Info?
- brittle, grey and dull
- semiconductors of electricity and heat
- solid at room temperature
- Brittle and dull
- they have properties between metals and non-metals
Do metalloids gain or lose electrons?
Metalliods can be unpredictable in whether they gain or lose electrons when making ions
What is the atomic number?
the number of protons (which is equal to the number of electrons)
How many elements are there naturally and man made?
92 naturally occuring elements and 26man made elements
What is the charge of a pure element?
All atoms are nuetral so the number of portons is equal to the number of electrons.
What is the atomic mass equal to?
Atomic Mass=Protons+Neutrons
What are isotopes?
They are isotopes with the same number of protons, so are the same element, but have a different number of neutrons, therefore a different atomic mass. The atomic mass of an element on the periodic table is a weighted percentage of its isotopes.
What is an atom?
The simpliest unit of measure and cannot be broken down by phsycial means.
What is a molecule?
Two or more atoms joined together chemically that move as a single unit. ex. H2O
What is an ion?
An atom that has gained or lost an electron.
What is a particle?
a general term describing the smallest independant thing in a sample (could be atoms, molecules or ions)
What is a compound?
A sample made up of only 1 type of molecule where each molecule is made up of more than 1 type of atom.
What is an element?
A sample of matter made up of only 1 type of atomeg. a piece of sodium is made up of only sodium atoms
What is a pure substance?
A sample made entirely of the same type of atom
What is a mixture?
2 or more types of particles
What does homogeneous mean?
It has only 1 phase (state) and the properties are the same throughout (looks like its made of 1 thing)
What does heterogeneous mean?
2 or more phases (states) and the properties differ at different states (looks like its made of different things)
what is a solution?
One substance dissolved in another
What is a mechanical mixture?
A mixture made of 2 or more solids
What are the 4 Characteristic Properties of iron?
- fairly common
- strong
- can be molded/malleable
- reacts with oxygen (rusts with oxygen)
What are the Characteristic Properties of carbon?
- main building block of life
- several forms (graphite, diamond, coal)
- usually fairly hard
What are the Characteristic Properties of hydrogen?
- most common element in the universe
- very light
- very flammable
What are the Characteristic Properties of oxygen?
- it is a gas
- one fifth air is oxygen
- essential to life
- non toxic
What are the Characteristic Properties of sodium?
- it is a soft metal
- reacts with air and water
- low melting metal
- salt
What are the characteristic properties of chlorine?
- gas
- reacts with water
- toxic
- antibacterial
What is a physcial property?
a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured
What is a chemical property?
the ability of a substance to change into a new substance or substances
What are some physcial changes?
involves a change to a physcial
- change in form: breaking into pieces
- change in state: liquid to gas
- change in solubility: solid disolving in water
*note that each example retains the same type of element/compound and doesnt create anything new*
What are some chemical changes an dsome signs of chemical changes?
Involves creating a new element/ compound ex. changing the connections between atoms)
- burning wood: CO2 and H2O are created
- baking soda and vinegar: creates bubbles
- sodium and water: H2 is created
Signs of chemical changes:
- bubbles(not boiling)
- heat and light are created (energy is released)
- colour changes
- a precipitate (solid) forms when mixing liquids
- the change is difficult to reverse
How do you test for oxygen?
Put a glowing splint in a test tube of oxygen and the splint should reignite because oxygen feeds fire and combustion
How do you test for carbon dioxide?
put a flaming splint in a test tube of carbon dioxide and the splint should be extinguished
How do you test for hydogen?
put a flaming splint at the mouth of a test tube filled with hydrogen, and the flame should quickly grow and make a loud pop.
How do you calculate mass?
Density*Volume
How do you calculate density?
Mass/Volume
How do you calculate volume?
Mass/density
How do you name ionic compounds?
it is a metal with a non metal
From fomula to words:
- write out the first element
- write out the second element with ide as the ending
From Words toFormula:
- find the charges for both elements and use the crossover rule to find how many of each atom are needed
- write out formula with element symbols
How do you name ionic compounds with a transisition metal?
Transistion metal with nonmetal
From formula to words:
- find the charge of the 2nd element and multiply it by the number of atoms in the formula (subscript) and put it in roman numerals behind the first element
- write the second element with the ending changed to ide
from Written to formula
- the roman numerals show the charge of the first element and find charge of the second element
- use the cross over rule and write out the formula
What are covalent compounds and how do you name them?
they are bonds between 2 nonmetals and tey share electrons.
Formula to Written:
- if there is more than 1 atom from the first element the add the right prefix to the first element, the right the prefix and second element for the number of atoms there are.
Written to formula:
- prefix shows the number of atoms for each element then write the element symbol and the right amount indicated by the prefix
What are the prefixes?
1= mono
2= di
3= tri
4= tetra
5= penta
6= hexa
Draw the Bohr-Rutherford and Lewis dot symbols for the first 20 elements and write out their ionic charges
No really. go do it. now. Ace that Thang!!! :D
Why do we use Bohr-Rutherford and Lewis dot symbols?
we use them to show ionic and covalent bonds and to show which electrons are shared, gained or lost
What is a diatomic element?
an element that naturally exisits as 2 atoms (pairs) and are stated as just elements
What are groups and periods on the peridoic table?
Groups is a row and as you move across a group you gain an electron on the outer shell
Periods are columns and as you move down a period you gain a shell
What are some trends in the periodic table?
- metals are to the left of the staircase and non metals are to the right. the staircase is made of mettaloids
- they are in order of increasing atomic numbers
What is Boiling Point?
the point that if an element is heated or cooled, it will boil at
What is combustability?
the ability of a substance to react with oxygen to create heat and light
What is conductivity?
The ability for a substance to conduct electricity and heat
What is reactivity?
the ability of an element to react
What is ductility?
the ability of a substance to be stretched into a long wire
What is Viscosity
the resistance of a fluid to flow
What is form?
the shape of a substance or object
What is solubility?
how easily a substance dissolves in water
What is lustre?
the shine of an object
What is transparency?
whether you can see through an object or not (transparent, translucent or opaque)
What is the atomic number?
the number of protons (which is equal to the number of electrons)
How many elements are there naturally and man made?
92 naturally occuring elements and 26man made elements
What is the charge of a pure element?
All atoms are nuetral so the number of portons is equal to the number of electrons.
What is the atomic mass equal to?
Atomic Mass=Protons+Neutrons
What are isotopes?
They are isotopes with the same number of protons, so are the same element, but have a different number of neutrons, therefore a different atomic mass. The atomic mass of an element on the periodic table is a weighted percentage of its isotopes.
What is an atom?
The simpliest unit of measure and cannot be broken down by phsycial means.
What is a molecule?
Two or more atoms joined together chemically that move as a single unit. ex. H2O
What is an ion?
An atom that has gained or lost an electron.
What is a particle?
a general term describing the smallest independant thing in a sample (could be atoms, molecules or ions)
What is a compound?
A sample made up of only 1 type of molecule where each molecule is made up of more than 1 type of atom.
What is an element?
A sample of matter made up of only 1 type of atomeg. a piece of sodium is made up of only sodium atoms
What is a pure substance?
A sample made entirely of the same type of atom
What is a mixture?
2 or more types of particles
What does homogeneous mean?
It has only 1 phase (state) and the properties are the same throughout (looks like its made of 1 thing)
What does heterogeneous mean?
2 or more phases (states) and the properties differ at different states (looks like its made of different things)
what is a solution?
One substance dissolved in another
What is a mechanical mixture?
A mixture made of 2 or more solids
What are the 4 Characteristic Properties of iron?
- fairly common
- strong
- can be molded/malleable
- reacts with oxygen (rusts with oxygen)
What are the Characteristic Properties of carbon?
- main building block of life
- several forms (graphite, diamond, coal)
- usually fairly hard
What are the Characteristic Properties of hydrogen?
- most common element in the universe
- very light
- very flammable
What are the Characteristic Properties of oxygen?
- it is a gas
- one fifth air is oxygen
- essential to life
- non toxic
What are the Characteristic Properties of sodium?
- it is a soft metal
- reacts with air and water
- low melting metal
- salt
What are the characteristic properties of chlorine?
- gas
- reacts with water
- toxic
- antibacterial
What is a physcial property?
a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured
What is a chemical property?
the ability of a substance to change into a new substance or substances
What are some physcial changes?
involves a change to a physcial
- change in form: breaking into pieces
- change in state: liquid to gas
- change in solubility: solid disolving in water
*note that each example retains the same type of element/compound and doesnt create anything new*
What are some chemical changes an dsome signs of chemical changes?
Involves creating a new element/ compound ex. changing the connections between atoms)
- burning wood: CO2 and H2O are created
- baking soda and vinegar: creates bubbles
- sodium and water: H2 is created
Signs of chemical changes:
- bubbles(not boiling)
- heat and light are created (energy is released)
- colour changes
- a precipitate (solid) forms when mixing liquids
- the change is difficult to reverse
How do you test for oxygen?
Put a glowing splint in a test tube of oxygen and the splint should reignite because oxygen feeds fire and combustion
How do you test for carbon dioxide?
put a flaming splint in a test tube of carbon dioxide and the splint should be extinguished
How do you test for hydogen?
put a flaming splint at the mouth of a test tube filled with hydrogen, and the flame should quickly grow and make a loud pop.
How do you calculate mass?
Density*Volume
How do you calculate density?
Mass/Volume
How do you calculate volume?
Mass/density
How do you name ionic compounds?
it is a metal with a non metal
From fomula to words:
- write out the first element
- write out the second element with ide as the ending
From Words toFormula:
- find the charges for both elements and use the crossover rule to find how many of each atom are needed
- write out formula with element symbols
How do you name ionic compounds with a transisition metal?
Transistion metal with nonmetal
From formula to words:
- find the charge of the 2nd element and multiply it by the number of atoms in the formula (subscript) and put it in roman numerals behind the first element
- write the second element with the ending changed to ide
from Written to formula
- the roman numerals show the charge of the first element and find charge of the second element
- use the cross over rule and write out the formula
What are covalent compounds and how do you name them?
they are bonds between 2 nonmetals and tey share electrons.
Formula to Written:
- if there is more than 1 atom from the first element the add the right prefix to the first element, the right the prefix and second element for the number of atoms there are.
Written to formula:
- prefix shows the number of atoms for each element then write the element symbol and the right amount indicated by the prefix
What are the prefixes?
1= mono
2= di
3= tri
4= tetra
5= penta
6= hexa
Draw the Bohr-Rutherford and Lewis dot symbols for the first 20 elements and write out their ionic charges
No really. go do it. now. Ace that Thang!!! :D
Why do we use Bohr-Rutherford and Lewis dot symbols?
we use them to show ionic and covalent bonds and to show which electrons are shared, gained or lost
What is a diatomic element?
an element that naturally exisits as 2 atoms (pairs) and are stated as just elements
What are groups and periods on the peridoic table?
Groups is a row and as you move across a group you gain an electron on the outer shell
Periods are columns and as you move down a period you gain a shell
What are some trends in the periodic table?
- metals are to the left of the staircase and non metals are to the right. the staircase is made of mettaloids
- they are in order of increasing atomic numbers
What is Boiling Point?
the point that if an element is heated or cooled, it will boil at
What is combustability?
the ability of a substance to react with oxygen to create heat and light
What is conductivity?
The ability for a substance to conduct electricity and heat
What is reactivity?
the ability of an element to react
What is ductility?
the ability of a substance to be stretched into a long wire
What is Viscosity
the resistance of a fluid to flow
What is form?
the shape of a substance or object
What is solubility?
how easily a substance dissolves in water
What is lustre?
the shine of an object
What is transparency?
whether you can see through an object or not (transparent, translucent or opaque)
