Chemistry Unit: Part 1 Flashcards
What is the “Bronsted & Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases”?
The aforementioned theory states that acids are proton (H+) donors and that bases are (H+) acceptors. Which means that acids give away their hydrogen to the bases, and those bases gain the hydrogen from the acid.
What is neutralization?
This refers to the transfer of a proton from a donator to a receiver. Furthermore, it is important to note that the neutralization of an acid by a base occurs from the transfer of a hydrogen ion. The loss of this hydrogen ion means the loss of its acidic properties. The base becomes by gaining a hydrogen ion.
What is the product of an acid/base neutralization referred to as?
It is referred to as conjugate base and conjugate acid.
How do you know whether not an acid or a base is strong or weak?
In order to know whether or not a acid or a base is strong or weak, you use the chart found in the data booklet. On the column labeled “Acid Formula” the higher you are in that column, the stronger your acid. On the column labeled “Conjugate Base Formula” the lower you are in that column, the stronger your base. Furthermore, the acid that is higher up on the chart will be the acid, and the other will be the base.
What is pH?
pH stands for power of hydrogen. The higher the hydronium ion concentration [H30+(aq)] the lower the pH and the more acidic the solution is. A change of 1pH is equivalent to a ten-fold change in [H30+(aq)]. So a change in 2pH would be 100 because 10x10.
How do you find pH?
In order to find pH, you use:
-log[H30+(aq)].
How do you get concentration of of hydronium ion [H30+(aq)] when given the pH?
In order to find the [H30+(aq)], you just use the pH and use it as an exponent for 10. So it would be 10^[-pH].
What are the properties of strong and weak acids?
Anything above hydronium, is referred to as a strong acid. They dissociate completely and quickly, and are excellent conductors. Anything below hydronium on the table is referred to as a weak acid. They only dissociate partially and are poor conductors.
What are the properties of strong and weak base?
Strong bases always include OH and they have the same dissociative and conductive properties as strong acids. And weak bases have the same dissociative properties of weak acids.
What are buffers?
Buffers are any mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, and they are used to maintain homeostasis. Furthermore, when referring to buffing capacity, you are referring to the ability to maintain constant pH. Buffers are solutions that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic component. It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base thus maintaining the pH stability.
What is acid deposition?
This is any type of precipitation that has lower pH than normal. It is caused by the oxide gases of sulfur, nitrogen and carbon.
- Oxides of Carbons: the burning of wood, biomass, and hydrocarbons.
- Oxides of Sulfur (SO2): natural causes (hot springs and volcanic outgassing) and human made emissions.
- Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx): Natural causes and human made emissions.
- The effects of acid deposition include: erosion, corrosion, reduced plant growth, and kills populations.
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?
- Qualitative data refers to observations that can be done using your senses.
- Quantitative data refers to numbers.
What is a titration?
A titration refers to the method of determining the quantity of acid or base present in a sample. The formula is CiVi(acid)=CfVf(base)
What is electrostatic precipitation?
It reduces the release of dry acid particles by making the particles electrically negative so they will stick to positively charged plates in emission stacks.
What are scrubbing emissions?
It is a process used to remove one or more components from a mixture of gases by passing it through substances that absorb and separate unwanted components.
