Chemistry Unit Exam Flashcards
What does WHMIS stand for?
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
What does the exploding bomb WHMIS symbol mean?
explosive/reactivity hazard
What does the flame WHMIS symbol mean?
fire hazard/flammable
What does the flame over circle WHMIS symbol mean?
oxidizing material
What does the gas cylinder WHMIS symbol mean?
gases under pressure
What does the corrosion WHMIS symbol mean?
corrosive materials hazard
What does the skull and crossbones WHMIS symbol mean?
poisonous materials hazard/toxic/fatal
What does the health hazard WHMIS symbol mean?
harmful to health/toxic and serious effects
What does the exclamation point WHMIS symbol mean?
irritant/less serious health effects/damages to the ozone layer
What does the harmful to the environment WHMIS symbol mean?
harmful to the environment
(pretty self-explanatory lol)
What does the biohazardous WHMIS symbol mean?
a bio-hazardous material
what does the hexagon symbol mean?
DANGER!
what does the diamond symbol mean?
WARNING!
what does the triangle symbol mean?
CAUTION!
what is MSDS?
Material Safety Data Sheet
What is matter?
Anything that takes up space and has a mass. Literally every “thing”!
what is the only thing that isn’t matter?
Energy
What are some physical properties of matter?
boiling/condensation point
melting/freezing point
malleability
ductility
colour
state
solubility
crystal formation
conductivity
magnetism
what are some chemical properties of matter?
ability to burn
flash point
reaction with water
reaction with oxygen
reaction with acids
reaction to heat
reaction to litmus
what is a physical property?
things we observe with our senses
what is a chemical property?
how it reacts with other substances
what is a physical change?
changing a substance without changing its chemical composition
what is a chemical change?
creating a new substance with new properties/ changing its chemical composition
what is a pure substance?
contain only one type of particle and cannot be further broken down
what is a mixture?
contains two or more pure substances
define heterogenous
you can see the different components
define homogenous
all particles look the same throughout.
define element
made up of only one type of atom
define compounds
Made up of 2+ elements chemically combined in specific ratios
define solutions
Aka homogeneous. A mixture that appears to be made of only one substance
define mechanical mixtures
Can easily sort out the different components mechanically
define suspensions
Solid component suspended in liquid component; particles large enough to settle to the bottom
define colloids
Similar to suspension but suspended particles are much smaller and won’t settle. Often gel-like.
what is an atom?
the building blocks of matter. They cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
what is an element?
the names we give atoms with specific properties (e.g. any atom with 6 protons in its nucleus is referred to as carbon)
what is a molecule?
groups of atoms bonded together. These may be atoms of the same element (e.g. diatomic molecules such as O2) or atoms of different elements (e.g. one molecule of water, H2O)
what is a compound?
chemical substances in which two or more DIFFERENT elements are bound together (e.g. H2O)
John Dalton invented what scientific model of the atom?
The “Billiard Ball” Model
JJ Thompson invented what scientific model of the atom?
The “Plum Pudding” Model
(or as Ms Jalbert says the Chocolate Chip cookie model)
Ernest Rutherford invented what scientific model of the atom?
The “planetary” or “nuclear” model
Neils Bohr invented what scientific model of the atom?
The “Bohr” Model
what model of the atom do we use today?
The “electron cloud” model
what is a proton?
a positively charged subatomic particle
what is an electron?
a negatively charged subatomic particle
what is a neutron?
a neutrally charged subatomic particle
what is the atomic number?
the number of protons
what is the atomic mass/mass number?
the mass of an atom
how do you find the number of neutrons in an element?
the atomic mass - the atomic number
what are some properties of a metal?
shiny, metallic, good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, ductile, usually solid at room temperature
what are some properties of a non-metal?
dull, insulators, brittle, any state at room temperature
what are some properties of a metalloid?
characteristics of both metals and non-metals, often brittle solids, conduct electricity but not as good as metals.
what is an ionic compound?
has a metal and a non-metal
what is a molecular compound?
has two non-metals
what is a valance shell?
the rings the electrons sit on that orbit around the nucleus
what is an isotope?
they have identical chemical properties as an element but a different mass number and amount of neutrons.
what is an ion?
Ions are atoms that have lost or gained electrons, resulting in either a positive (+) or negative (-) charge.
what is an anion?
Anions are negatively charged (results from a gain of electrons)
what is a cation?
Cations are positively charged (results from a loss of electrons)
“cats have pos”
do metals lose or gain electrons?
Lose. The shells are all closer to being empty than being full.
do non-metals lose or gain electrons?
Gain. The shells are all closer to being full than being empty.
what is a multivalent element?
an element with more than one possible charge.
what is a polyatomic ion?
a group of atoms combined together that exist as a single unit and have a charge.
define solubility
A measure of how well a substance dissolves in a solvent (usually water)
what does aqueous(aq) mean?
very soluble in water
what is an acid?
A compound that contains hydrogen acting as a metal, and dissolves in water to make a solution with a pH of less than 7.
what is a base?
A compound that dissolves in water to make a solution with a pH of more than 7
what are some properties of an acid?
turns litmus paper red
tastes sour
react with metals to form hydrogen gas
always dissociate when dissolved
solutions conduct electricity
what are some properties of a base?
turns litmus paper blue
taste bitter
feels slippery
don’t react with metals
always dissociate when dissolved
solutions conduct electricity
how much stronger is an acid with a pH level of 1 compared to an acid with a pH level of 2?
The pH scale is logarithmic which means that each change in pH is actually a 10x change.
so a pH of 1 is 10x stronger than a pH of 2.
what is neutralization?
When you mix an acid and base together, they can cancel each other out to make neutral substances
how do you name an acid with the IUPAC system?
Name it like a regular ionic compound, but put “aqueous” in front
how do you name an acid with the classical system?
We know from naming polyatomic ionic compounds that there are three possible endings we can see on our compounds; ide, ate, and ite. In the classical system, we name the acid depending on what ending it has. Ignore the hydrogen!
what is an exothermic reaction?
heat is released so it feels hot
what is an endothermic reaction?
heat is absorbed so it feels cold
what does the law of conservation of mass state?
the amount of atoms in the reactants is equal to the amount of products in a reaction.
the bonds of the reactants are broken and new ones are formed
there are no atoms/ions leaving, they are just being rearranged
that is why chemical equations are balanced!
what is a formation reaction?
Two elements coming together to form a compound
what is a decomposition reaction?
A compound breaking down into its two elements
what is a single replacement reaction?
A single element replaces an element in a compound
what is a double replacement reaction?
An element from each of the two compounds switch places
what is a hydrocarbon combustion reaction?
A hydrocarbon burns in the presence of oxygen to create carbon dioxide and water vapour
what is the mole?
A “mole” is similar to a “dozen”. It is a word used to represent a certain number.
what is Avagadro’s number?
6.022 x 10 to the 23rd.
what is the mol formula?
N= m/M
number of moles= mass/molar mass
what is the thermal energy formula?
Q=mcΔt
thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x change in temperature.
what is the heat of fusion formula?
Hfus=Q/n
what is the heat of vapourization formula?
Hvap=Q/n
