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Science 10 > Biology Unit Exam > Flashcards

Biology Unit Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 main points of cell theory

A

-all living things, or organisms, are made up of cells and can be unicellular or multicellular

  • cells are the fundamental unit of life, and all cells contain genetic information which allows them to carry out these functions, and are capable of reproduction

-all cells are produced from other cells through cell division, a concept referred to as biogenesis

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1
Q

What is spontaneous generation abiogenesis?

A

the belief that living organisms arose from non-living entities

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2
Q

Who disproved abiogenesis?

A

Louis Pasteur with his experiment that involved a beaker and a tube. There is now evidence of MICRO-ORGANISMS!

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3
Q

what are organelles and what is an example?

A

the non-living part of the cell that has a specialized function which continues to the overall functioning of the cell.
ex. the nucleus

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4
Q

what is a cell and what do they form?

A

cells are the basic unit of life
they form tissues/stem cells

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5
Q

what is a tissue and what do they form?

A

they are made up of cells
work together to form organs.

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6
Q

what are organs and what do they form?

A

made up of tissues
work together to form organ systems

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7
Q

what are organ systems and what is an example?

A

they are groups of organs working together to make the body function
ex. the cardiovascular system

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8
Q

what did Hans and Zacharias Janssen invent?

A

-in 1595 they made a microscope which had an eyepiece and a lense

-20x the original size

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9
Q

what did Robert Hooke invent?

A

-in 1665 he made a three lense system with a light “cell”

-he described what he saw under the microscope

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10
Q

what did Antoni van Leeuwanhoek invent?

A
  • in 1670 he made a simpler design with a higher magnification

-moving cells are called “animalcules”

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11
Q

what does the resolving nosepiece do?

A

holds up the objective lenses

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12
Q

what do the stage clips do?

A

they hold the slide in place

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12
Q

what do the objective lenses do?

A

they have three levels of magnification used to better view the specimen

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

what does the stage do?

A

where the slide is placed for support and viewing

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15
Q

what does the diaphragm do?

A

it regulates the amount of light on the specimen

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16
Q

what does the light source do?

A

provides the light to view the specimen with more clarity

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17
Q

what does the base do?

A

supports the entire microscope and is used to carry the microscope

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18
Q

what does the switch do?

A

turns the light on and off

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18
Q

what does the fine adjustment knob do?

A

makes the image sharper and clearer

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19
Q

what does the course adjustment knob do?

A

moves the stage up and down

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20
Q

what does the arm do?

A

supports the nosepiece and body tube

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20
Q

what does the body tube do?

A

supports the ocular lense

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21
Q

what does the ocular lense do?

A

observe the specimen by looking through

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21
Q

what is field of view measured in?

A

micrometres (um)

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22
Q

how do we calculate size of specimen?

A

size= field diameter/fit#

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23
Q

why do we use staining/oil immersion/dark field illumination?

A

to better view the specimen

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24
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell?

A

DNA is naked and circular
usually no introns
no nucleus*****
not membrane-bound
70s ribosomes
binary fission
haploid
1-5 um
ex. archaea and bacteria

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25
Q

what is a eukaryote cell?

A

DNA is linear and bound to protein
usually has introns
has a nucleus
membrane-bound
80s ribosomes
mitosis/meiosis
diploid or more
10-100 um
ex. plants, animals, fungi, protists

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26
Q

what does the nucleus do?

A

controls all cellular activity and is where DNA is stored

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27
Q

what do the lysosomes do?

A

digest down waste and other foreign particles

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28
Q

what does the smooth ER do?

A

makes lipids for delivery out of the cell

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29
Q

what does the goldi apparatus do?

A

involved in secretion, receives stuff from the ER’s

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30
Q

what does the rough ER do?

A

makes proteins for delivery out of the cell

31
Q

what do the ribosomes do?

A

translates mRNA into sequences of amino acids

32
Q

what does the cytoplasm do?

A

jelly-like material found inside the cell that holds everything in place

33
Q

what does the cell membrane do?

A

controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell

34
Q

what does the mitochondria do?

A

where cellular respiration takes place and provides ATP energy

35
Q

what do the centrioles do?

A

organize microtubules and help determine the location of organelles

36
Q

what is the balanced equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6+6O2 = 6CO2+6H2O+ATP energy

37
Q

what is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2+6H2O = C6H12O6+6O2

38
Q

what do the chloroplasts do?

A

where photosynthesis takes place and contains the chlorophyll

39
Q

what does the cell wall do?

A

provides shape and support for the cell

40
Q

what does the vacuole do?

A

stores water and other substances

41
Q

what is in animal cells but not plant cells?

A

the CENTRIOLES

42
Q

what is in plant cells but not animal cells?

A

the CELL WALL, the CHLOROPLAST, and the VACUOLE

43
Q

define hydrophobic:

A

pushes water away

44
Q

define hydrophilic:

A

pulls water towards it

45
Q

what makes up the cell membrane and what is another name for it?

A

a double layer of phospholipid with proteins and other molecules embedded within

a “phospholipid bilayer”

46
Q

what is the Trilaminar model?

A

1935
Davson and Denielle
protein layers “sandwich” lipids
disproved by fluorescent tagging

47
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model?

A

-1972
-Singer and Nicholson
-proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer

48
Q

define Integral proteins:

A

span the lipid bilayer, are permanently embedded

49
Q

define peripheral proteins:

A

associate with the surface of the membrane, are temporarily attached

50
Q

what are the roles of these proteins?

A

J=intercellular Joining
E=Enzymatic activity
T=Transport
R=cell to cell Recognition
A=Attachment
T=signal Transduction

51
Q

what is cholesterol and what is its purpose?

A

a type of lipid found in the membrane
it acts to maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane, therefore allowing it to maintain its integrity while it changes shape.

52
Q

what is diffusion?

A

movement of solute particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration

53
Q

what is osmosis?

A

movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

54
Q

what is facilitated diffusion?

A

the transport of substances that cannot cross the membrane by themselves without assistance from a protein.

55
Q

what is active transport?

A

energy is required to transport substances from a low concentration to a high concentration

56
Q

what is a hypotonic solution?

A

the cell takes in water causing it to swell

57
Q

what is a hypertonic solution?

A

the cell releases water causing it to shrink

58
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

when molecules are released from the cell

59
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

when molecules are taken into the cell

60
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A

cell “drinking”
a from of endocytosis which allows cells to obtain molecules dissolved in fluids

61
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

cell “eating”
a form of endocytosis which allows cells to obtain solids

62
Q

how can you tell how efficient a cell is?

A

the larger the surface area-to-volume ratio, the more efficient the cell will be

63
Q

what are some advantages and disadvantages of multicellularity?
(name three each)

A

ADVANTAGES:
-cells become more specialized so they can perform particular functions more efficiently
-organisms can become larger
-if one cell dies the entire organism is unaffected
DISADVANTAGES:
-takes more energy
-lots of specialized cells
-reproduction of “bad” cells like cancer

64
Q

what is in the shoot system of a plant and what is its role?

A

stems, leaves, buds, flowers, fruit
absorbs CO2 and releases O2.

65
Q

what is the root system of a plant and what is its role?

A

roots and root hairs
absorbs water and minerals from the soil

66
Q

what is a meristem and what do they do?

A

specialized clusters of cells where mitosis occurs
they produce root and shoot tissue

67
Q

what is the dermal tissue and what is its role?

A

-it is the outer layer of cells that covers all the non-woody plants
-one cell layer thick
-gas exchange occurs in the lenticels
-protects the plant from disease
-has a waxy coating called the cuticle

68
Q

what is the ground tissue and what is its role?

A

-found beneath the epidermis
-provides strength and support
-food and water storage
-location of photosynthesis

69
Q

what is the vascular tissue and what is its role?

A

-inner layer
-xylem tissue is specialized in the movement of water and dissolved minerals
-phloem tissue is specialized for the movement of sucrose and other dissolved sugars

70
Q

where does the gas exchange occur in plants?

A

in the stomata

71
Q

explain the process of gas exchange within a plant:

A

-when the guard cells become turgid, the stomata opens, releasing O2 and absorbing CO2
-transpiration also occurs when the stomata is open
-when the plant is dehydrated, the turgor pressure decreases, causing guard cells to shrink and the stomata to close

72
Q

what is the palisade mesophyll and what is its role?

A

-found beneath the lower epidermis
-long, rigid, rectangular cells
-site of photosynthesis
-contains large amounts of chloroplasts

73
Q

what is the spongy mesophyll and what is its role?

A

-loosely packed and irregularly shaped
-spaces between those cells allow for gas exchange to occur

74
Q

what is the xylem and what does it do?

A

-transports water and minerals
-transported up from the roots
-no sieve plates
-no living outer cells

75
Q

what is the phloem and what does it do?

A

-transports sugar
-transports both up and down
-sieve plates are present and are connected to small companion cells
-has living outer cells

76
Q

what is the role of the cellulose and lignin?

A

-thick-walled tubes
-support the cell
-transport water from the root

77
Q

True or False: water is both cohesive and adhesive?

A

TRUE!

78
Q

what is positive tropism?

A

growth of a plant towards a stimulus

79
Q

what is negative tropism?

A

growth of a plant away from a stimulus

80
Q

what is phototropism?

A

-the growth of a plant in response to light
-controlled by the hormone auxin

81
Q

what is gravitropism?

A

the growth of a plant in response to gravity

Science 10 (4 decks)

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