Chemistry Unit #5: Organic Chemistry Topics Test on Friday, February 10, 2017 Flashcards
1
Q
Test
A
…………………………………….O
Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺………………….||
Primary alcohol ===> CH₃ - CH₂ - CH₂ - OH =========> CH₃ - CH₂ - CH
………………………………………………………………………………………………(aldehyde)
2
Q
Compare and contrast catalytic cracking to catalytic reforming.
A
Similarities
They both need catalysts
Used to make fuels
Oxygen cannot be present
Differences Catalytic cracking makes smaller chains from larger ones while catalytic reforming produces longer chains from smaller ones
3
Q
What does orange turn into when Alcohol is warmed with Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ (acidified potassium dichromate)? It is the basis behind the breathalyser test.
A
Orange will turn to green
4
Q
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula?
CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
A
C₄H₁₀ and butane
5
Q
What is the Catalyst for the Oxidation of Alcohols?
A
Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ (acidified potassium dichromate)
6
Q
What forms from the Oxidation of Primary Alcohols?
A
Aldehydes
7
Q
What chemical process may be used to convert the petroleum distillation residue into gasoline?
A
Catalytic cracking
8
Q
What are the 4 Alkene Addition Reaction
A
1.) Halogens: (F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂)
CH₃ — CH = CH₂ + Br₂ ===> CH₃ — CHBr — CH₂Br
2.) Hydrogen gas, H₂ (Turns it into alkane)
CH₂ = CH₂ + H₂ ===> CH₃ — CH₃
3.) Water, H₂O (Makes an alcohol)
CH₃ — CH = CH₂ + HOH ===> CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂OH
4.) Hydrogen halides; (HF, GCl, HBr, HI)
CH₃ — CH = CH — CH₃ + HBr ===> CH₃ - CHBr — CH₂— CH₃
9
Q
What forms from the Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols?
A
Ketones
10
Q
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula?
CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
A
C₆H₁₄ and hexane
11
Q
How does the average number of carbon atoms per molecule vary for the fractionation product location shown in figure H2. Explain this order using IMF. (2)
A
As the number of carbons on the chains increase, they are distilled lower in the tower.
This occurs because the longer chains have more IMF, resulting in higher boiling points
12
Q
What forms from the Oxidation of Tertiary Alcohols?
A
Tertiary Alcohols cannot undergo this reaction
13
Q
What is the product of this Nucleophilic Substitution of Halogenalkanes?
CH₃
| CH₃ - C - CH₃ + OH⁻ ===>
|
Cl
A
CH₃
|
CH₃ - C - CH₃ + Cl⁻
|
OH
14
Q
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula?
CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
A
C₅H₁₂ and pentane
15
Q
What physical property is used to separate different compounds in a petroleum fractionation tower?
A
Boiling point
16
Q
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula?
CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
A
C₇H₁₆ and heptane
17
Q
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula?
CH₂ — CH₂
A
C₂H₆ and ethane
18
Q
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula?
CH₃
A
CH₄ and methane
19
Q
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula?
CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
A
C₈H₁₈ and octane
20
Q
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula?
CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₃
A
C₃H₈ and propane
21
Q
What is the name of this structure?
CH₃ CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
| |
CH₃ = C — CH — CH — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
|
CH₂ — CH₃
A
3-ethyl-2-methyl-4-propyl-1-heptene
22
Q
What are the three factors on which Boling point depends on? 3 + (3 - 4 explanations)
A
Polarity
Substances with hydrogen bonding have higher boiling points than those with dipole-dipole or only London Dispersion. Alkanes, alkenes, and benzne are non-polar with only London Dispersion forces Aldehydes, ketones, and esters experience the stronger dipole-dipole forces Amines, alcohols and carboxylic acids exhibit hydrogen bonding (highest Boling Point) Molar Mass Generally, higher molar mass means higher boiling points for non-polar molecules CH₄ gas at room temperature Liquid at room temperature Very long chains form waxy solids Straight vs. Branched chains Straight chains have higher boiling point Branching makes molecules more spherical, reducing contact surface area Less attraction between molecules
23
Q
What are the 3 main points on Benzene?
A
Benzene does not undergo addition reaction, but rather substitution reactions,
Benzene does not react with KMnO₄,
Benzene’s carbon bonds are equivalent,
Therefore benzene cannot have double bonds.
24
Q
What is the Polymerization of this?
CH₂ = CHCl ==============>
A
(Polymerization)
CH₂ = CHCl ==============> — CH₂ — CHCl —
25
What is the structural formula of Benzene?
The structural formula of Benzene is C₆H₆
26
What is the difference between Empirical, Molecular and Structural Formulas? 4
Molecular formulas tell you how many atoms of each element are in a compound,
Empirical formulas tell you the simplest or most reduced ratio of elements in a compound.
If a compound's molecular formula cannot be reduced any more, then the empirical formula is the same as the molecular formula.
Structural Formula shows how the atoms are arranged
27
What is the functional group name for the class of Nitriles that has an ID of -C≡N
nitrile
28
What are Structural Isomers?
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but having a different structure (arrangement of atoms)
29
What is the Polymerization of this?
CH₂ = CH₂ ==============>
(Polymerization)
| CH₂ = CH₂ ==============> — CH₂ — CH₂ —
30
What is the functional group name for a Arenes that has an ID of ⬡
phenol
phenyl
31
What is the class name for a functional group of alkyl that has an ID of -CH₃
Alkanes
32
What is the reason that Alkanes are saturated compounds
It is because Alkanes consist entirely of single bonds
33
What is the class name for a functional group of alkenyl that has an ID of -C=C-
Alkenes
34
How many Structural Isomers are there for C₆H₁₄?
5
C must have 4 bonds
H must have 1 bond
O must have 2 bonds
| | | | | |
— C— C— C— C— C— C —
| | | | | |
```
| | | |
— C— C— C— C— C—
| | | |
— C —
|
```
```
| | | |
— C— C— C— C— C—
| | | |
— C —
|
```
```
|
— C —
| | |
— C— C— C— C —
| | |
— C —
|
```
```
|
— C —
| | |
— C— C— C— C —
| | |
— C —
|
```
35
How does the mechanism Termination happen for the Free Radical Mechanism for Alkane Substitution Reaction?
It happens when any two free radicals combine
36
What is the class name for a functional group of alkynyl that has an ID of -C≡C-
Alkynes
37
What is the functional group name for the class of Carboxylic Acids that has an ID of COOH
carboxyl
38
What is the functional group name for the class of Alkynes that has an ID of -C≡C-
alkynyl
39
What is the functional group name for the class of Esters that has an ID of O=C-O-C-
ester
40
What is the class name for a functional group of halogen that has an ID of F, Cl, Br, I
Halogenoalkanes
41
What homologous series are Saturated Compounds? Explain. 4
Saturated compounds are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.
They are the simplest class of hydrocarbons.
They are called saturated because each carbon atom is bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible.
In other words, the carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen.
42
What is the functional group name for the class of Amides that has an ID of O=C-N
carboxamide
43
How many Structural Isomers are there for C₅H₁₂?
3
C must have 4 bonds
H must have 1 bond
O must have 2 bonds
| | | | |
— C— C— C— C— C—
| | | | |
```
| | | |
— C— C— C— C—
| | | |
— C —
|
```
```
|
— C —
| | |
— C— C— C—
| | |
— C —
|
```
44
What is the functional group name for the class of Amine that has an ID of -NH₂
amine
45
How many Structural Isomers are there for C₂H₆O?
2
C must have 4 bonds
H must have 1 bond
O must have 2 bonds
```
H H
| |
H — C — C — OH
| |
H H
```
```
H H
| |
H — C — O — C — H
| |
H H
```
46
What is the Skeletal Formula for pentane?
Skeletal Formula for pentane: ╱╲╱╲
47
What class can form saturated compounds?
Alkanes
48
What is the functional group name for the class of Ketones that has an ID of R-CO-R
carbonyl
49
What does the substitution of a halogen onto an alkane require?
The substitution of a halogen onto an alkane requires UV light.
50
What is the functional group name for the class of Aldehydes that has an ID of HC=O
aldehyde
51
Why does the substitution of a halogen onto an alkane require UV light?
UV light is strong enough to split the halogen molecule into two atoms.
52
O
Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ and heat ||
Primary alcohol ===> CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — OH =================> CH₃ — CH₂ — CH
(aldehyde)
OH O
| Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ and heat ||
Secondary alcohol ===> CH₃ — CH — CH₃ =================> CH₃ — C — CH₃
(ketones)
OH
| Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ and heat
Tertiary alcohol ===> CH₃ — C — CH₃ =================> NO REACTION
|
CH₃
O
Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ and heat ||
Primary alcohol ===> CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — OH =================> CH₃ — CH₂ — CH
(aldehyde)
OH O
| Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ and heat ||
Secondary alcohol ===> CH₃ — CH — CH₃ =================> CH₃ — C — CH₃
(ketones)
OH
| Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ and heat
Tertiary alcohol ===> CH₃ — C — CH₃ =================> NO REACTION
|
CH₃
53
What is the functional group name for the class of Ethers that has an ID of -C-O-C-
ether
54
What is the Alkene general formula?
Alkene general formula: CnH₂n
55
What is the functional group name for the class of Alcohols that has an ID of -OH
hydroxyl
56
What is the catalyst of esters to make carboxylic acids?
H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid) and heat
57
• Alkene Addition Reactions (4)
1.) Halogens: (F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂)
CH₃ — CH = CH₂ + Br₂ ===> CH₃ — CHBr — CH₂Br
2.) Hydrogen gas, H₂ (Turns it into alkane)
CH₂ = CH₂ + H₂ ===> CH₃ — CH₃
3.) Water, H₂O (Makes an alcohol)
CH₃ — CH = CH₂ + HOH ===> CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂OH
4.) Hydrogen halides; (HF, GCl, HBr, HI)
CH₃ — CH = CH — CH₃ + HBr ===> CH₃ - CHBr — CH₂— CH₃
• Alkene Addition Reactions (4)
1.) Halogens: (F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂)
CH₃ — CH = CH₂ + Br₂ ===> CH₃ — CHBr — CH₂Br
2.) Hydrogen gas, H₂ (Turns it into alkane)
CH₂ = CH₂ + H₂ ===> CH₃ — CH₃
3.) Water, H₂O (Makes an alcohol)
CH₃ — CH = CH₂ + HOH ===> CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂OH
4.) Hydrogen halides; (HF, GCl, HBr, HI)
CH₃ — CH = CH — CH₃ + HBr ===> CH₃ - CHBr — CH₂— CH₃
58
What is the functional group name for the class of Halogenoalkanes that has an ID of F, Cl, Br, I
halogen
59
What is the functional group name for the class of Alkane that has an ID of -CH₃
alkyl
60
What is the Alkane general and IHD formula?
Alkane general and IHD formula: CnH₂n₊₂
61
What is the functional group name for the class of Alkenes that has an ID of -C=C-
alkenyl
62
What is the class name for a functional group of ester that has an ID of O=C-O-C-
Esters
63
The smaller molecules that make up polymers are called___________.
monomers
64
What happens during Initiation?
| Cl₂ + UV light ===>
Cl₂ + UV light ===> 2 Cl*
NOTE: The halogen forms free radical; lone electron is shown. The UV light splits the Cl gas
65
What is the class name for a functional group of hydroxyl that has an ID of -OH
Alcohols
66
What is Homolytic Fission? 4
It occurs when the shared electrons are split evenly between the bonded atoms
Atoms separate from each other and become two free radicals
Contains unpaired electrons
Occurs in free radical substitution of alkanes
67
What is the class name for a functional group of ether that has an ID of -C-O-C-
Ethers
68
What happens to this reaction involving a tertiary alcohol?
OH
| Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ and heat
Tertiary alcohol ===> CH₃ — C — CH₃ =================>
|
CH₃
There is no further reaction from the tertiary alcohol.
OH
| Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ and heat
Tertiary alcohol ===> CH₃ — C — CH₃ =================> NO REACTION
|
CH₃
69
What happens during Propagation Part I
| Cl + H — CH₃ ===>
Cl + H — CH₃ ===> CH₃ + HCl
NOTE: Free Radicals are very reactive. The chlorine free radical hooks up with the H, creating a free radical CH₃.
70
What is the class name for a functional group of carbonyl that has an ID of R-CO-R
Ketones
71
What is the formula for Determining Index of hydrogen Deficiency (IHD)?
IHD = 0.5 * [2c+2-h-x+n]
IHD = 0.5 * [2c+2-h-x+n]
72
The most common compound in living things is the polymer named _____.
cellulose
73
What is the class name for a functional group of aldehyde that has an ID of HC=O
Aldehydes
74
What happens during Initiation?
What happens during Propagation Part I?
What happens during Propagation Part II?
What happens during Termination?
What happens during Initiation?
Cl₂ + UV light ===>
Cl₂ + UV light ===> 2 Cl*
NOTE: The halogen forms free radical; lone electron is shown. The UV light splits the Cl gas
What happens during Propagation Part I
Cl + H — CH₃ ===>
Cl + H — CH₃ ===> CH₃ + HCl
NOTE: Free Radicals are very reactive. The chlorine free radical hooks up with the H, creating a free radical CH₃.
What happens during Propagation Part II
Cl₂ + *CH₃ ===>
Cl₂ + *CH₃ ===> Cl — CH₃ + Cl*
NOTE: The alkyl radical reacts with a halogen molecule and reforms a halogen free radical. The CH₃ radical hooks up with the chlorine gas and creates a free radical Cl.
What happens during Termination
Cl*, *CH₃
Cl + Cl ===> Cl₂
Cl + CH₃ ===> Cl — CH₃
CH₃ + CH₃ ===> C₂H₆
NOTE: It happens when any two free radicals combine. We take all the Free radicals and mix and match. There will always be 3 products.
75
What happens to this reaction involving a secondary alcohol?
OH
| Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ and heat
Secondary alcohol ===> CH₃ — CH — CH₃ =================>
The secondary alcohol becomes a ketone. We lose the H in the OH
OH O
| Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ and heat ||
Secondary alcohol ===> CH₃ — CH — CH₃ =================> CH₃ — C — CH₃
(ketones)
76
Name this organic substance.
I CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃ O
| | ||
CH₃ — C — C — CH — CH₂ — CH₂ — C — OH
| | |
I I CH₂ — CH₃
4-ethyl-5,6,6-triiodo-5-propylheptanoic acid
77
Cellulose consists of the monomer named _____.
glucose
78
What is heterolytic fission? 2
It is where in both mechanisms, the halogen has a negative charge as it leaves the molecule
Both shared electrons from the covalent carbon-halogen bond went to one atom
79
What happens during Propagation Part II
| Cl₂ + *CH₃ ===>
Cl₂ + *CH₃ ===> Cl — CH₃ + Cl*
NOTE: The alkyl radical reacts with a halogen molecule and reforms a halogen free radical. The CH₃ radical hooks up with the chlorine gas and creates a free radical Cl.
80
_____________hydrocarbon is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that is ring-shaped (cyclic) and has alternating single and double bonds between carbon atoms.
aromatic
81
A hydrocarbon is _____ when it has fewer hydrogen atoms than possible because it has at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms.
unsaturated
82
What is the IHD of each of the following molecular formula?
| C₆H₁₀
IHD = 0.5 * [2c+2-h-x+n]
IHD = 2 since (1/2)[(2 x 6) + 2 - 10] = 2
83
An endothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that is accompanied by or requiring the absorption of heat.
What is an endothermic reaction?
84
Which bond is more reactive? Double bond or single bond?
Double bond. That means that Alkenes are more reactive than Alkanes
85
What is the IHD of each of the following molecular formula?
| C₆H₆
IHD = 0.5 * [2c+2-h-x+n]
IHD = 4 since (1/2)[(2 x 6) + 2 - 6] = 4
86
Name this organic substance.
| CH ≡ C — CHF — CH₂ — CH₃
3-fluoro-1-pentyne
87
What happens to this reaction involving a primary alcohol?
Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ and heat
Primary alcohol ===> CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — OH =================>
The primary alcohol becomes an Aldehyde. The OH at the end splits and goes to the middle
O
Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ and heat ||
Primary alcohol ===> CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — OH =================> CH₃ — CH₂ — CH
(aldehyde)
88
What does Br₂'s initial reddish-brown color turn into when it is oxidizing?
It becomes clear
89
What is an exothermic reaction?
An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy by light or heat. It is the opposite of an endothermic reaction. Expressed in a chemical equation: reactants → products + energy.
90
What is the IHD of each of the following molecular formula?
| C₄H₈O
IHD = 0.5 * [2c+2-h-x+n]
IHD = 1 since (1/2)[(2 x 4) + 2 - 8] = 1
91
A(n)_____ is a large molecule that is made out of many smaller molecules that are joined together by covalent bonds.
polymer
92
What happens during Termination
| Cl*, *CH₃
Cl + Cl ===> Cl₂
Cl + CH₃ ===> Cl — CH₃
CH₃ + CH₃ ===> C₂H₆
NOTE: It happens when any two free radicals combine. We take all the Free radicals and mix and match. There will always be 3 products.
93
Name this organic halide.
| CH₃ — CH₂ — CF₂ — CHF — CHF — CH₃
2,3,4,4-tetrafluorohexane
| Remember to put it in alphabetical order
94
What is the class name for a functional group of amine that has an ID of -NH₂
Amines
95
What does K₂Cr₂O₇'s initial orange color turn into when it is oxidizing?
It becomes green
96
Name this organic halide.
| CH₃ — CH₂ — CHBr — CH₃
2-bromo-butane
| Remember to put it in alphabetical order
97
What is the class name for a functional group of nitrile that has an ID of -C≡N
Nitriles
98
Name this organic substance.
| CH₃ — CH₂ — CHOH — CHOH — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
3,4-diheptanol
Or
3,4-butanediol
Name this organic substance.
CH₃ — CH₂ — CHOH — CHOH — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
3,4-diheptanol
Or
3,4-butanediol
99
What is the class name for a functional group of carboxyl that has an ID of COOH
Carboxylic Acids
100
Name this organic substance.
OH
|
CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH — CH₃
2-hexanol
101
What is the class name for a functional group of carboxamide that has an ID of O=C-N
Amides
102
What does KMnO₄'s initial purple color turn into when it is oxidizing?
It becomes clear
103
Name this organic halide.
| CHBr₂— CH₂ — CH₂ — CCl = CH₂
5,5-dibromo-2-chloro-1-pentene
| Remember to put it in alphabetical order
104
What is the IHD of each of the following molecular formula?
| C₄H₉N
IHD = 0.5 * [2c+2-h-x+n]
IHD = 1 since (1/2)[(2 x 4) + 2 - 9 + 1] = 1
105
Rubber consists of the monomer named ethylene.
FALSE
106
Complete this combustion of alcohol.
| CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂OH + O₂ ===>
Remember that the combustion of alcohol will always make CO₂ and H₂O.
CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂OH + O₂ ===> CO₂ + H₂O
Then, now you have to balance it. Start with the C's then the H's and then the O's
CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂OH + 6O₂ ===> 4CO₂ + 5H₂O
NOTE: The only exception to balancing ever in organic chemistry is that we don't balance the oxidation of alcohols.
107
A _______ is one of the smallest molecules that make up a polymer.
monomer
108
In HCOO, the measured carbon oxygen bonds are both examples of what? 2
Resonance
Suggests that the ion doesn't have a double and single bond but two somewhere in between
109
What is the class name for a functional group of phenyl that has an ID of ⬡
Arenes
110
What is the IHD of each of the following molecular formula? C₂Cl₂
IHD = 0.5 * [2c+2-h-x+n]
IHD = 2 since (1/2)[(2 x 2) + 2 - 2 ] = 2
111
Name this organic substance.
O
||
CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — C — OH
Or
CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — COOH
butanoic acid
112
Name this organic substance.
```
OH
|
CH₃ — CH₂ — C — CH₃
|
CH₃
```
2-methyl-2-butanol
113
Where is Aldehyde located?
C=O is at the end of the carbon chain
114
What forms from alcohol and carboxylic acid in the presence of heat and sulphuric acid?
An ester
115
When you combust an alcohol, what are the steps? 2
Write out CO₂ and H₂O.
Then, now you have to balance it. Start with the C's then the H's and then the O's
116
What are carboxylic acids?
They are weak organic acids that release hydrogen ions into solution.
117
Rubber is a synthetic carbon polymer.
FALSE
118
How does complete combustion happen? Is it an exothermic or endothermic reaction?
It happens when Alkanes can be a fuel, reacting with oxygen releasing heat (it is an exothermic reaction).
119
When you combust an alcohol, what does it produce?
CO₂ and H₂O
120
Complete this combustion of alcohol.
| CH₃OH + O₂ ===>
Remember that the combustion of alcohol will always make CO₂ and H₂O.
CH₃OH + O₂ ===> CO₂ + H₂O
Then, now you have to balance it. Start with the C's then the H's and then the O's
CH₃OH + 3/2 O₂ ===> CO₂ + 2H₂O
NOTE: The only exception to balancing ever in organic chemistry is that we don't balance the oxidation of alcohols.
121
What organic compound that generally has a distinctive, pleasant, fruity odours that is often used in natural and artificial flavouring agents in food? (used as aromas for non-edible products
Esters
122
• Alcohol Esterfication
Esters are produced when carboxylic acids are heated with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst. The catalyst is usually concentrated sulphuric acid.
123
How does incomplete combustion happen? What 2 can form?
It happens when insufficient oxygen is present, the following pairs of prodicts may form along with less heat;
A.) Poisonous gas --- CO + H₂O (poison gas and water)
B.) Soot --- C + H₂O (soot and water)
124
What is the element which life is based on Earth?
Carbon
