Chemistry IB SL Exam: Paper 1 and 2 Flashcards
Define Convergence
In each series, the lines converge meaning higher levels/shells get closer together
Define Emission Spectra
Refers to when electrons are excited to a higher energy level, then return to a lower energy level, they release a photon of specific energy, as shown by a specific frequency of light
Isotope of uranium is used for?
Nuclear power
¹³¹I or ¹²⁵I is used for?
Medical tracers
⁶⁰Co is used for?
Radiotherapy
Which of the following increase the amount of product in electrolysis?
I. Increasing the charge of the ion
II. Increasing the current
III. Increasing the duration
II and III
Reducing agent 2
— reduces other species and, in the process, is itself oxidized
— gives electrons to something
Oxidizing agent2
- – oxidizes other species and, in the process, is itself reduced
- – takes electron away from something
Oxidation Number 2
— A purely formal concept that regards all compounds as ionic and assigns charges to the components accordingly
— it provides a guide to the distribution of electrons
REDOX reaction2
— A reaction that includes both oxidation and reduction
— If something is oxidized and something is reduced in a reaction, it is a REDOX reaction
Reduction 2
— gain of electron
— Decrease in oxidation number
Oxidation 2
— loss of electrons
--- increase in oxidation number
How much does 1 mole of gas occupy at standard temperature and pressure?
22.7 L/mol
Molecular Formula
The actual number of atoms of different elements covalently bonded in a molecule
Empirical Formula
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of different elements in a compound
Nucleophile
Reagents that have a non-bonding pair of electrons; attracted to the C atom in the halogenoalkanes during substitution reactions
saturated
containing no C=C double bonds
unsaturated
containing at least one C=C double bond
Period
horizontal row of elements in the Periodic table
within a period the atoms of the elements have the same number of shells but with an increasing number of electrons in the outer shell
Group
vertical column of elements in the Periodic table
the atoms of the elements in the same group all have the same outer shell structure but an increasing number of inner shells.
What is the geometry of water?
Tetrahedral
Oxidising agent
accepts electrons and becomes reduced
Reducing agent
donates electrons and becomes oxidised
Solute
the substance dissolved in a solvent forming a solution
Solvent
the liquid that dissolves another substance or substances to form a solution
Solution
a homogeneous mixture of a liquid (solvent) with another substance (solute)
there is usually some interaction between the solvent and solute molecules
Concentration
the amount of solute in a known volume of solution
expressed as dm^-3
Continuous Spectrum
shows an unbroken sequence of frequencies
eg. the spectrum of visible light
Line Spectrum
an emission spectrum that has only certain frequencies of light.
produced by excited atoms and ions as they fall back to a lower energy level
Heterogeneous
Have different properties
Mass number
sum of an atom’s protons & neutrons
Isotopes of an element
atoms of the same element (same atomic number /Z) with a different number of neutrons (different mass number /A)
First ionisation energy
the minimum energy required to remove a mole of electrons from a mole of gaseous atoms to form a mole of univalent cations in the gaseous state
it is the enthalpy change for the reaction : X(g) → X^+ + e^-
Electronegativity
measure of the tendency of an atom in a moloecule to attract a shared pair of electrons towards itself
Endothermic reaction 3
Reaction in which energy is absorbed from surroundings
Enthalpy change = +ve
Forms products with weaker bonds than the reactants
Exothermic reaction 3
Reaction that releases heat to surroundings
Enthalpy change = -ve
Forms products with stronger bonds than the reactants
Average bond enthalpy 2
the energy required to break 1 mole of covalent bonds in the reactant, all reactants and products being in the gaseous state.
It is an average value because it takes into account the different energies in a bond between the same atoms in different molecules
Standard state 5
standard state of an element is its most stable state under the specified conditions
A precisely defined reference state as: - Temperature of a substance at exactly 298K - Pressure of gaseous substance are exactly 1 atm - liquids & solids are pure - aqueous solutions are exactly 1 mol per dm cubed
Modifying the side chain in penicillin will make them stronger or weaker against penicillinase enzyme?
Stronger, makes them more resistant
Meningitis and gonorrhea can be treated with what drug?
Penicillin G
A tertiary amine had N joined to _____ C atoms
3 (3 alkyl groups)
Which is a more potent analgesic? Diamorphine or morphine? Why?
Diamorphine is a more potent analgesic than morphine because it is better at crossing the blood brain barrier
Define Law in science
A description of regular patterns of behavior
Define Theory in science
An explanation that provides an understanding across a range of phenomena and disciplines
Define atom
Smallest part of an element
Define Compound
2 or more elements chemically bonded to each other
Homogeneous
Have uniform property
