Chemistry Unit #5: Organic Chemistry Topics Test on Friday, February 10, 2017 Flashcards
Test
…………………………………….O
Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺………………….||
Primary alcohol ===> CH₃ - CH₂ - CH₂ - OH =========> CH₃ - CH₂ - CH
………………………………………………………………………………………………(aldehyde)
Compare and contrast catalytic cracking to catalytic reforming.
Similarities
They both need catalysts
Used to make fuels
Oxygen cannot be present
Differences Catalytic cracking makes smaller chains from larger ones while catalytic reforming produces longer chains from smaller ones
What does orange turn into when Alcohol is warmed with Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ (acidified potassium dichromate)? It is the basis behind the breathalyser test.
Orange will turn to green
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula?
CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
C₄H₁₀ and butane
What is the Catalyst for the Oxidation of Alcohols?
Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ (acidified potassium dichromate)
What forms from the Oxidation of Primary Alcohols?
Aldehydes
What chemical process may be used to convert the petroleum distillation residue into gasoline?
Catalytic cracking
What are the 4 Alkene Addition Reaction
1.) Halogens: (F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂)
CH₃ — CH = CH₂ + Br₂ ===> CH₃ — CHBr — CH₂Br
2.) Hydrogen gas, H₂ (Turns it into alkane)
CH₂ = CH₂ + H₂ ===> CH₃ — CH₃
3.) Water, H₂O (Makes an alcohol)
CH₃ — CH = CH₂ + HOH ===> CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂OH
4.) Hydrogen halides; (HF, GCl, HBr, HI)
CH₃ — CH = CH — CH₃ + HBr ===> CH₃ - CHBr — CH₂— CH₃
What forms from the Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols?
Ketones
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula?
CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
C₆H₁₄ and hexane
How does the average number of carbon atoms per molecule vary for the fractionation product location shown in figure H2. Explain this order using IMF. (2)
As the number of carbons on the chains increase, they are distilled lower in the tower.
This occurs because the longer chains have more IMF, resulting in higher boiling points
What forms from the Oxidation of Tertiary Alcohols?
Tertiary Alcohols cannot undergo this reaction
What is the product of this Nucleophilic Substitution of Halogenalkanes?
CH₃
| CH₃ - C - CH₃ + OH⁻ ===>
|
Cl
CH₃
|
CH₃ - C - CH₃ + Cl⁻
|
OHWhat is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula?
CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
C₅H₁₂ and pentane
What physical property is used to separate different compounds in a petroleum fractionation tower?
Boiling point
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula?
CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
C₇H₁₆ and heptane
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula?
CH₂ — CH₂
C₂H₆ and ethane
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula?
CH₃
CH₄ and methane
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula?
CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
C₈H₁₈ and octane
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula?
CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₃
C₃H₈ and propane
What is the name of this structure?
CH₃ CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
| |
CH₃ = C — CH — CH — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
|
CH₂ — CH₃
3-ethyl-2-methyl-4-propyl-1-heptene
What are the three factors on which Boling point depends on? 3 + (3 - 4 explanations)
Polarity
Substances with hydrogen bonding have higher boiling points than those with dipole-dipole or only London Dispersion. Alkanes, alkenes, and benzne are non-polar with only London Dispersion forces Aldehydes, ketones, and esters experience the stronger dipole-dipole forces Amines, alcohols and carboxylic acids exhibit hydrogen bonding (highest Boling Point) Molar Mass Generally, higher molar mass means higher boiling points for non-polar molecules CH₄ gas at room temperature Liquid at room temperature Very long chains form waxy solids Straight vs. Branched chains Straight chains have higher boiling point Branching makes molecules more spherical, reducing contact surface area Less attraction between molecules
What are the 3 main points on Benzene?
Benzene does not undergo addition reaction, but rather substitution reactions,
Benzene does not react with KMnO₄,
Benzene’s carbon bonds are equivalent,
Therefore benzene cannot have double bonds.
What is the Polymerization of this?
CH₂ = CHCl ==============>
(Polymerization)
CH₂ = CHCl ==============> — CH₂ — CHCl —
What is the structural formula of Benzene?
The structural formula of Benzene is C₆H₆
What is the difference between Empirical, Molecular and Structural Formulas? 4
Molecular formulas tell you how many atoms of each element are in a compound,
Empirical formulas tell you the simplest or most reduced ratio of elements in a compound. If a compound's molecular formula cannot be reduced any more, then the empirical formula is the same as the molecular formula.
Structural Formula shows how the atoms are arranged
What is the functional group name for the class of Nitriles that has an ID of -C≡N
nitrile
What are Structural Isomers?
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but having a different structure (arrangement of atoms)
What is the Polymerization of this?
CH₂ = CH₂ ==============>
(Polymerization)
CH₂ = CH₂ ==============> — CH₂ — CH₂ —
What is the functional group name for a Arenes that has an ID of ⬡
phenol
phenyl
What is the class name for a functional group of alkyl that has an ID of -CH₃
Alkanes
What is the reason that Alkanes are saturated compounds
It is because Alkanes consist entirely of single bonds
What is the class name for a functional group of alkenyl that has an ID of -C=C-
Alkenes
How many Structural Isomers are there for C₆H₁₄?
5
C must have 4 bonds
H must have 1 bond
O must have 2 bonds
| | | | | |
— C— C— C— C— C— C —
| | | | | |
| | | | — C— C— C— C— C— | | | | — C — |
| | | | — C— C— C— C— C— | | | | — C — |
| — C — | | | — C— C— C— C — | | | — C — |
|
— C —
| | |
— C— C— C— C —
| | |
— C —
|
How does the mechanism Termination happen for the Free Radical Mechanism for Alkane Substitution Reaction?
It happens when any two free radicals combine
What is the class name for a functional group of alkynyl that has an ID of -C≡C-
Alkynes
What is the functional group name for the class of Carboxylic Acids that has an ID of COOH
carboxyl
What is the functional group name for the class of Alkynes that has an ID of -C≡C-
alkynyl
What is the functional group name for the class of Esters that has an ID of O=C-O-C-
ester
What is the class name for a functional group of halogen that has an ID of F, Cl, Br, I
Halogenoalkanes
What homologous series are Saturated Compounds? Explain. 4
Saturated compounds are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.
They are the simplest class of hydrocarbons. They are called saturated because each carbon atom is bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. In other words, the carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen.
What is the functional group name for the class of Amides that has an ID of O=C-N
carboxamide
How many Structural Isomers are there for C₅H₁₂?
3
C must have 4 bonds
H must have 1 bond
O must have 2 bonds
| | | | |
— C— C— C— C— C—
| | | | |
| | | | — C— C— C— C— | | | | — C — |
| — C — | | | — C— C— C— | | | — C — |
What is the functional group name for the class of Amine that has an ID of -NH₂
amine
How many Structural Isomers are there for C₂H₆O?
2
C must have 4 bonds H must have 1 bond O must have 2 bonds
H H | | H — C — C — OH | | H H
H H | | H — C — O — C — H | | H H
What is the Skeletal Formula for pentane?
Skeletal Formula for pentane: ╱╲╱╲
What class can form saturated compounds?
Alkanes
What is the functional group name for the class of Ketones that has an ID of R-CO-R
carbonyl
What does the substitution of a halogen onto an alkane require?
The substitution of a halogen onto an alkane requires UV light.
