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GCSE Combined Science > Chemistry paper 2 > Flashcards

Chemistry paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Crude oil is a naturally occuring product that we use to produce products such as petrol, solvents and detergents.

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2
Q

What is crude oil a mixture of?

A

It is a mixture of long chain molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon only. These chains are called hydrocarbons.

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3
Q

What is the use of hydrocarbon determined by?

A

The use of hydrocarbon is determined by the number of carbons in its chain as its properties depend on how long it is.

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4
Q

How can the different lengths of chain molecules be separated?

A

The different lengths of chain molecules can be separated by fractional distillation.

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5
Q

The different chain lengths of molecules can be separated by using fractional distillation, how does this work?

A
  • The crude oil mixture enters a tall column and is heated to a high temperature to make sure all the molecules are vaporised (turned into gas)
  • The column is cooler at the top than the bottom
  • As the gaseous molecules rise up the column they condense (turn back into liquid)
  • They are then collected and removed
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6
Q

When separating the lengths of chain molecules what are the separate samples called?

A

Fractions

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7
Q

What do all of the hydrocarbons that are found in crude oil have?

A

All of the hydrocarbons that are found in crude oil all have single carbon-carbon bonds in their chains. They are said to be saturated and belong to a homologous series called alkanes.

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8
Q

What will incomplete combustion produce?

A

Incomplete combustion will produce solid carbon (soot), carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbon.

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9
Q

In order to get what we need from crude oil what will we do?

A

We need to turn long hydrocarbons into short hydrocarbons. This is done with cracking.

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10
Q

What is cracking?

A

A thermal decomposition reaction

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11
Q

What happens when you crack long hydrocarbons?

A

When you crack long hydrocarbons, you make short hydrocarbons and an alkene.

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12
Q

What is an alkene

A

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons and have a double bond. They can be used to make plastics.

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13
Q

What are the two methods that can be used to crack hydrocarbons?

A

Catalytic cracking and Steam cracking

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14
Q

What is Catalytic cracking?

A

The alkene is brought into contact with a powdered aluminium oxide catalyst at moderate pressure and a temperature of around 500 degrees.

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15
Q

What is Steam cracking?

A

The hydrocarbon is mixed with steam and heated to a very high temperature approximately 850 degrees.

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16
Q

What is cracking an example of?

A

Thermal decomposition

17
Q

What do both cracking processes result in?

A

Both cracking methods result in the formation of two products; an alkane and and alkene.

18
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Alkenes are produced as one of the products of cracking. They are also hydrocarbons.

19
Q

What must the sum of carbon and hydrogen atoms be the same as in the two products of the cracking process?

A

The sum of the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the two products of the cracking process must be the same as the number of atoms that you started with.

20
Q

What is the atmosphere made up of?

A

21% Oxygen
1% Argon
78% Nitrogen
Air also contains 0.04% carbon dioxide and variable amounts of water vapour

21
Q

Reduction of carbon dioxide by formation of deposites

- Coal

A

Plants absorbed carbon dioxide. They died and decayed. This layer of decaying plants was compressed to form coal.

22
Q

Reduction of carbon dioxide by formation of deposites

-Oil and natural gases

A

Plankton absorbed carbon dioxide. Plankton died and were deposited in muds on the sea floor. They were covered over and compressed over millions of years.

23
Q

Reduction of carbon dioxide by formation of deposites

- Limestone

A

Shelled animals absorbed carbon dioxide to make their calcium carbonate shells. The remains of these animals were compressed to make limestone.

24
Q

Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

- Greenhouse effect

A

The process by which the temperature on earth is kept high enough to support life by greenhouse gases absorbing radiation radiated by the earth.

25
Q

Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

- Greenhouse gas

A

Greenhouse gases keep temperatures on earth high enough to support life. Water vapour, methane and carbon dioxide are greenhouse gases.

26
Q

Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

- Short wavelength radiation

A

The radiation from the sun. Is able to pass through the earth’s atmosphere and warm the surface of the earth without being absorbed by greenhouse gases.

27
Q

Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

- Long wavelength radiation

A

The radiation from the earth’s surface. Some is absorbed by greenhouse gases and doesn’t escape the atmosphere.

28
Q

Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

- Carbon footprint

A

The total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted over the full life cycle of a product of event.

29
Q

Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

- Global warming

A

The increase of the average temperature of the earth.

30
Q

How do humans increase carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

A

Combustion of fossil fuels

Deforestation

31
Q

How do humans increase methane in the atmosphere?

A

Increased animal farming

Decomposition of rubbish in landfill

32
Q

How humans can decrease carbon dioxide concentration

A
  • Use alternative forms of energy e.g. wind turbines
  • Energy efficiency e.g. more efficient cars
  • Carbon capture (capturing carbon dioxide from power stations and trapping it)
  • Carbon setting off e.g. planting more trees
33
Q

How humans can decrease methane concentration

A
  • Alternative foods e.g. non animal based

- Increased recycling

34
Q

Effects of Global warming

A
  • Some regions will not be able to produce enough food because of drought
  • Changes to distribution of species and migration patterns
  • Increase in sea levels because of melting polar ice caps
  • Reduction of water supplies in some regions

GCSE Combined Science (4 decks)

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