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GCSE Combined Science > Biology paper 1 > Flashcards

Biology paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cells -

Contains genetic information that controls the functions of the cell.

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

Cells -

Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus.

A

Cell membrane

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3
Q

Cells -

Where many cell activities and chemical reactions in the cell occur.

A

Cytoplasm

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4
Q

Cells -

Provides energy from aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

Cells -

Synthesis (makes) proteins

A

Ribosome

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6
Q

Cells -

Where photosynthesis occurs

A

Chloroplast

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7
Q

Cells -

Used to store water and other chemicals as cell sap

A

Permanent vacuole

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8
Q

Cells -

Strengthens and supports the cell. (Made of cellulose in plants).

A

Cell wall

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9
Q

Cells -

A loop of DNA, not enclosed within a nucleus.

A

DNA loop

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10
Q

Cells -

A small circle of DNA, may contain genes associated with antibiotic resistance.

A

Plasmid

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11
Q

Cells -

Acrosome contains enzymes to break into egg; tail to swim; many mitochondria to provide energy to swim.

A

Sperm cell

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12
Q

Cells -

Long to transmit electrical impulses over a distance.

A

Nerve cell

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13
Q

Cells -

Contain protein fibres that can contract when energy is available, making the cells shorter.

A

Muscle cell

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14
Q

Cells -

Waterproofed cell wall; cells are hollow to allow water to move through.

A

Xylem cell

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15
Q

Cells -
Some cells have lots of mitochondria for active transport; some cells have very little cytoplasm for sugars to move through easily.

A

Phloem cell

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16
Q

Cells -

Long extension to increase surface area for water and mineral uptake; thin cell wall.

A

Root hair cell

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17
Q

Cells -

Contains: cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosome, mitochondria and cell membrane.

A

Animal cell

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18
Q

Cells -

Contains: cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosome, mitochondria, cell membrane, chloroplast, vacuole and cell wall.

A

Plant cell

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19
Q

Microscopy -

The degree by which an object is enlarged

A

Magnification

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20
Q

Microscopy -

The ability of a microscope to distinguish detail.

A

Resolution

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21
Q

Microscopy -

Basic microscope with a maximum magnification of 1500x. Low resolution.

A

Light microscope

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22
Q

Microscopy -
Microscope with a much higher magnification and resolving power than a light microscope. This means that it can be used to study cells in much finer detail.

A

Electron microscope

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23
Q

Mitosis and the cell cycle

A
  • Number of sub-cellular structures increase
  • Number of chromosomes double
  • One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell
  • The nucleus divides
  • Cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two identical cells
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24
Q

Stem cells -
Can divide into most types of cells
Used for therapeutic cloning

A

Embryonic stem cells

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25
Q

Stem cells -

Can divide into a limited number of cells

A

Adult stem cell

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26
Q

Stem cells -
Found in plants
Can differentiate (divide) into any type of plant cell

A

Meristem

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27
Q

Pros of using stem cells

A

Treatment of diseases such as diabetes, dementia and paralysis

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28
Q

Cons of using stem cells

A

Ethical and religious objections

Can transfer viruses held within cells

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29
Q

Transport across membranes -

Diffusion definition

A

Spreading out of the particles resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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30
Q

Transport across membranes -

Diffusion use

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide in gas exchange (leaves and alveoli)
Urea from cells into the blood plasma for excretion in the kidney

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31
Q

Transport across membranes -

Osmosis definition

A

The diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.

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32
Q

Transport across membranes -

Osmosis use

A

Movement of water into and out of cells

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33
Q

Transport across membranes -

Active transport definition

A

The movement of substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution. Requires energy from respiration.

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34
Q

Transport across membranes -

Active transport use

A

Absorption of mineral ions (low concentration) from soil into plant roots. Absorption of sugar molecules from lower concentration in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar concentration.

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35
Q

Factors affecting diffusion -

Difference in concentrations explanation

A

The greater the difference in concentrations, the faster the rate of diffusion.

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36
Q

Factors affecting diffusion -

Temperature explanation

A

Particles move more quickly at higher temperatures, so rate of diffusion increases.

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37
Q

Factors affecting diffusion -

Surface area of membrane explanation

A

The greater the surface area the quicker the rate of diffusion.

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38
Q

Adaptation of exchange surfaces

A
  • Large surface area
  • Thin membrane (provides short diffusion path)
  • Ventilation (in animals for gas exchange - maintains a concentration gradient)
  • Efficient blood supply (in animals - maintains a concentration gradient
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39
Q

Organisation -

Tissue

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function

muscle, tissue

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40
Q

Organisation -

Organ

A

A group of tissues performing a specific function

heart, leaf

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41
Q

Organisation -

Organ system

A

A group of organs that perform a specific function (digestive system)

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42
Q

Enzymes key terms -

Enzyme

A

A biological catalyst that can speed up the rate of reaction without being used itself. Made of a large protein molecule.

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43
Q

Enzymes key terms -

Substrate

A

The chemical that fits into the active site of an enzyme

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44
Q

Enzymes key terms -

Lock and key model

A

Only one type of substance can fit into the active site of an enzyme, like a key fits into a lock.

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45
Q

Enzymes key terms -

Denatured

A

When the active site of an enzyme changes shape and the substrate can no longer fit in. Can be caused by pH or temperature.

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46
Q

Testing for biological molecules -

Starch chemical test

A

Add orange/brown iodine solution

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47
Q

Testing for biological molecules -

Starch positive result

A

Colour turns blue/black

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48
Q

Testing for biological molecules -

Sugar chemical test

A

Add blue Benedict’s solution. Place in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes

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49
Q

Testing for biological molecules -

Sugar positive result

A

Colour turns green / yellow / orange / brick red

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50
Q

Testing for biological molecules -

Protein chemical test

A

Add blue Biuret solution

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51
Q

Testing for biological molecules -

Protein positive result

A

Colour turns lilac/purple

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52
Q

Testing for biological molecules -

Lipid chemical test

A

Add ethanol and decant into water

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53
Q

Testing for biological molecules -

Lipid positive result

A

Cloudy white emulsion

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54
Q

Human digestive enzymes -

Amylase

A

Function - breaks starch into sugars
Sites of production - salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
Sites of action - mouth, small intestine

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55
Q

Human digestive enzymes -

Protease

A

Function - breaks proteins into amino acids
Sites of production - stomach, pancreas, small intestine
Sites of action - stomach, small intestine

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56
Q

Human digestive enzymes -

Lipase

A

Function - breaks lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol
Sites of production - pancreas, small intestine
Sites of action - small intestine

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57
Q

Other chemicals -

Hydrochloric acid

A

Acid with pH produced by the stomach. Unravels proteins.

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58
Q

Other chemicals -

Bile

A

Emmulsifies fats (turns them into droplets to give a greater surface area). It is alkaline so neutralises acids from the stomach. Produces in liver, stored in gall bladder and is released into the small intestine.

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59
Q

Structures in the heart -

Pacemaker

A

Group of cells in the right atrium that controls resting heart rate.

60
Q

Structures in the heart -

Right ventricle

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange.

61
Q

Structures in the heart -

Left ventricle

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body. Thick, muscular wall.

62
Q

Structures in the heart -

Valve

A

Stops blood flowing the wrong way / leaking.

63
Q

Structures in the lungs -

Alveoli

A

Small sacs where gas exchange occurs. Surrounded by capillaries. Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the capillaries, carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries into the alveoli.

64
Q

Structures in the lungs -

Trachea and Bronchi

A

Tubes through which gases move. Lined with cartalige so they don’t collapse.

65
Q

Heart disease -

Coronary heart disease

A

Build up of fatty material in coronary arteries. Can lead to a blood clot and a heart attack.

66
Q

Heart disease treatment -

Stent

A

What - wire mesh that opens up a blocked artery
Advantage - keeps artery open, low risk of surgery
Disadvantage - fatty materials can rebuild

67
Q

Heart disease treatment -

Statin

A

What - drug that reduces cholesterol
Advantage - reduces fat being deposited in arteries
Disadvantage - side effects (liver damage)

68
Q

Heart disease treatment -

Heart transplant

A

What - replacement heart from a donor
Advantage - long-term
Disadvantage - major surgery, could be rejected

69
Q

Heart disease treatment -

Artificial heart

A

What - man-made heart used while waiting for transplant
Advantage - not rejected, keeps patient alive
Disadvantage - short life time, battery has to be transported, limited activity

70
Q

Heart disease treatment -

Mechanical heart valve

A

What - mechanical replacement of faulty heart valve
Advantage - can last a life-time
Disadvantage - can damage red blood cells

71
Q

Heart disease treatment -

Biological heart valve

A

What - biological replacement of faulty heart valve
Advantage - don’t damage red blood cells
Disadvantage - valve hardens and may need replacing

72
Q

Blood vessels -

Artery

A

Purpose - takes blood away from the heart

Adaptation - thick wall to withstand high pressure

73
Q

Blood vessels -

Vein

A

Purpose - takes blood back the the heart

Adaptation - thin wall. Valves to prevent backflow of blood.

74
Q

Blood vessels -

Capillary

A

Purpose - exchange of substances between blood and cells

Adaptation - wall is one cell thick to allow quick diffusion of substances

75
Q

Components of the blood -

Plasma

A

Liquid part of the blood. Transport blood cells as well as carbon dioxide, proteins, glucose, hormones and urea.

76
Q

Components of the blood -

Red blood cells

A

Carries oxygen. Packed with haemoglobin, a protein that blinds to oxygen. No nucleus to create extra space for haemoglobin. Biconcave shape to give a large surface area.

77
Q

Components of the blood -

White blood cells

A

Destroys pathogens. Some can produce antibodies.

78
Q

Components of the blood -

Platelets

A

Cell fragments that help to clot wounds.

79
Q

Movement within plants -

Transpiration

A

The loss of water vapour from the leaves by evaporation from cells and then out through the stomata.

80
Q

Movement within plants -

Transpiration stream

A

The movement of water from the roots, up the steam to the leaves.

81
Q

Movement within plants -

Translocation

A

The movement of dissolved sugars around the plant

82
Q

Factors affecting transpiration -

Temperature

A

Increasing temperature increases the transpiration rate as water evaporates quickly.

83
Q

Factors affecting transpiration -

Humidity

A

Increasing humidity decreases the rate of transpiration as water evaporates slowly.

84
Q

Factors of transpiration -

Wind speed

A

Increasing wind speed increases the transpiration rate as water evaporates quickly.

85
Q

Factors of transpiration -

Light

A

Increasing light increases the rate of transpiration as the stomata opens.

86
Q

Cell adaptation for movement within plants -

Root hair cell

A

Extension gives a large surface area to absorb water and minerals.

87
Q

Cells adaptation for movement within plants -

Xylem

A

Vessels are strengthened by lignin to withstand pressure. Cell walls are waterproof.

88
Q

Cell adaptation for movement within plants -

Phloem

A

End of cells contain pores to allow dissolved sugars to move between cells.

89
Q

Cell adaptation for movement within plants -

Guard cells & Stomata guard cells

A

Can open the stomata to allow gas exchange or close to prevent water loss.

90
Q

Leaf structure and plant tissues -

Epidermis

A

Covers the surfaces of the leaf; lets light penetrate.

91
Q

Leaf structure and plant tissues -

Xylem

A

Carries water and minerals from the roots around the plant.

92
Q

Leaf structure and plant tissues -

Phloem

A

Carries dissolved sugars made through photosynthesis around the plant.

93
Q

Leaf structure and plant tissues -

Palisade mesophyll

A

Where most photosynthesis takes place. Cells contain many chloroplasts. Absorbs light.

94
Q

Leaf structure and plant tissues -

Spongy mesophyll

A

Some photosynthesis. Has air spaces for diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen.

95
Q

Leaf structure and plant tissues -

Guard cells

A

Cells that open and close stomata.

96
Q

Leaf structure and plant tissues -

Stoma

A

Opening that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse in and out of the leaf.

97
Q

Pathogens and disease -

Measles

A

Pathogen - virus
Spread - droplets from sneezes and coughs
Effect - can be fatal
Prevention - vaccination of children

98
Q

Pathogens and disease -

HIV

A

Pathogen - virus
Spread - sexual contact, needle exchange
Effect - damages some white blood cells
Prevention - antiretroviral drugs when infected

99
Q

Pathogens and disease -

Tobacco mosaic virus

A

Pathogen - virus
Spread - direct contact
Effect - mottling leaves, reduces photosynthesis

100
Q

Pathogens and disease -

Salmonella

A

Pathogen - bacteria
Spread - infected food
Effect - fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, vomiting
Prevention - vaccinations of poultry (chickens)

101
Q

Pathogens and disease -

Gonorrhoea

A

Pathogen - bacteria
Spread - sexual contact
Effect - discharge from penis/vagina, pain when urinating
Prevention - controlled by anitbiotics, spread prevented by condoms

102
Q

Pathogens and disease -

Rose black sport

A

Pathogen - fungus
Spread - spores carried by water or wind
Effect - leaves turn yellow, fall early. Photosynthesis reduced
Prevention - treated by fungicides or destroying affected leaves

103
Q

Pathogens and disease -

Malaria

A

Pathogen - protist
Spread - by a vector - mosquito
Effect - fever, can be fatal
Prevention - preventing mosquito’s from breeding, using mosquito nets

104
Q

Non-specific defences -

Tranchea and bronchi

A

Produces mucus to trap pathogens. Contains cilia to move mucus for swallowing.

105
Q

Non-specific defences -

Nose

A

Contains hairs and mucus to trap pathogens.

106
Q

Non-specific defences -

Stomach

A

Contains hrydrochloric acid to destroy pathogens.

107
Q

Non-specific defences -

Skin

A

Physical barrier to pathogens.

108
Q

Key terms -

Pathogen

A

A microorganism that causes disease.

109
Q

Key terms -

Bacteria

A

A type of pathogen that produces toxins that damage tissues.

110
Q

Key terms -

Viruses

A

A type of pathogen that lives and replicates with cells and causes cell damage. It is difficult to kill viruses without damaging cells.

111
Q

Key terms -

Antibodies

A

Some white blood cells produce antibodies. These bind to pathogens and destroy them or stick them together.

112
Q

Key terms -

Antitoxins

A

Some white blood cells produce antitoxins. Antitoxins neutralise toxins.

113
Q

Key terms -

Antibiotics

A

Antibiotics kill bacteria. Specific antibiotics should be used for specific bacteria. Some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics. Do not kill viruses.

114
Q

Key terms -

Painkillers

A

Painkillers relive symptoms but don’t kill pathogens.

115
Q

Key terms -

Phagocytosis

A

Some white blood cells engulf pathogens.

116
Q

Drugs -

Aspirin

A

Originates from the willow tree.

117
Q

Drugs -

Digitalis

A

A heart drug. Originates from foxglove plants.

118
Q

Drugs -

Penicillin

A

Discovered by Alexander Fleming from the penicillium fungus.

119
Q

Drugs -

New drugs

A

Most new drugs are synthesised by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry. The starting point may be a chemical extracted from a plant.

120
Q

Clinical trials -

Preclinical - cells, animals

A

Tests for toxicity and efficacy before testing humans.

121
Q

Clinical trials -

Healthy volunteers

A

Very low doses to test for toxicity.

122
Q

Clinical trials -

Patients

A

Larger groups. Test for toxicity, efficacy and dose. Placebos may be used in double-blind trial.

123
Q

Clinical trial key terms -

Placebo

A

A drug with no active ingredients, designed to mimic a real drug. Used to test i the effects of a drug on a patient are just psychological.

124
Q

Clinical trial key terms -

Double-blind trial

A

The volunteers do not know which groups they are in, and neither do the researchers, until the end of the trial.

125
Q

Clinical trial key terms -

Toxicity

A

How harmful the drug is. May have dangerous side effects.

126
Q

Clinical trial key terms -

Efficacy

A

How effective the drug is.

127
Q

Clinical trail key terms -

Dose

A

The amount of the drug given to the patient.

128
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

Carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen

129
Q

Key terms -

Chloroplast

A

The plant organelle where photosynthesis takes place.

130
Q

Key terms -

Chlorophyll

A

The green pigment that absorbs energy from light.

131
Q

Key terms -

Endothermic

A

Photosynthesis takes energy in (in the form of light). It is an endothermic reaction.

132
Q

Key terms -

Diffusion

A

The spreading out of particles by random motion from where they are in high concentration. Occurs is gasses and liquids.

133
Q

Uses of glucose

A
  • Used in respiration to provide energy
  • Converted into starch for storage
  • Converted into fats and oils for storage
  • Produce cellulose to strengthen cell wall
  • Produce amino acids to make proteins (also needs nitrate ions from the soil)
134
Q

Limiting factor

A

The factor that stops the rate of photosynthesis from increasing; could be light intensity, carbon dioxide, temperature or amount of chlorophyll.

135
Q

Respiration -

Energy

A

Energy in organisms is needed for chemical reactions to build larger molecules, movement and keeping warm.

136
Q

Respiration -

Aerobic respiration

A

Aerobic respiration provides energy. It requires oxygen. It is an exothermic reaction (produces heat). In mitochondria.

137
Q

Aerobic respiration word equation

A

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

138
Q 
Respiration -
Anaerobic respiration (muscles)
A

No oxygen needed. Provides less energy than aerobic respiration as glucose not fully oxidised. Occurs during intensive exercise. In cytoplasm.

139
Q

Respiration -

Lactic acid

A

Produced in anaerobic respiration in muscles. Build up of lactic acid causes fatigue. Lactic acid must be taken to the liver by the blood so that it can be oxidised back to glucose.

140
Q

Respiration -

Oxygen debt

A

The amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the lactic acid and remove it.

141
Q 
Respiration -
Anaerobic respiration (plant & yeast cells)
A

No oxygen needed. In yeast cells it is called fermentation - economically important for manufacture of bread and alcoholic drinks. In cytoplasm.

142
Q 
Respiration -
Anaerobic respiration (plant & yeast cells) word equation
A

glucose = ethanol + carbon dioxide

143
Q

Response to exercise -

Increase in breathing rate

A

Increases rate at which oxygen is taken in the lungs.

144
Q

Response to exercise -

Increase in heart rate

A

Oxygenated blood is pumped around the body at a faster rate. Carbon dioxide is removed at a faster rate.

145
Q

Response to exercise -

Increase in breath volume

A

A greater volume of oxygen is taken into each breath.

146
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the reactions in a cell or body. Some of these reactions require the energy released from respiration.

147
Q

Metabolism reactions

A
  • Conversion of glucose to starch, cellulose or glycogen
  • Formation of lipids from glycerol and fatty acids
  • Use of glucose and nitrates to make amino acids (plants only)
  • Respiration
  • Breakdown of proteins to urea

GCSE Combined Science (4 decks)

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