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Science > Chemistry Paper 2 > Flashcards

Chemistry Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What two equations can be used to measure the rate of a reaction?

A

mean rate of reaction = (quantity of reactant used) / time

mean rate of reaction = (quantity of product formed) / time

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2
Q

List the 5 things that can affect the rate of a reaction.

A

Concentration (of solutions)
Pressure (of gases)
Surface area (of solids)
Temperature
Catalysts

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3
Q

What is the name for the minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to happen?

A

Activation Energy

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4
Q

What theory states that chemical reactions only occur when reacting particles collude with enough energy?

A

Collision Theory

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5
Q

Explain how surface area affects the rate of reaction.

A

Increasing the surface area …
…increases the frequency of collisions…
…and so increases the rate of reaction.

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5
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Something that increases the rate of a reaction without being used up in the reaction.

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5
Q

Explain how temperature affects the rate of reaction.

A

Increasing temperature…
…Increases the frequency of collisions…
…The collisions are more energetic.

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6
Q

What does ‘equilibrium’ mean?

A

In a reversible reaction, the forward and reverse reactions occur at exactly the same rate.

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7
Q

If a reversible reaction is endothermic in forward direction, what will it be in the reverse direction?

A

Exothermic

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8
Q

What is crude oil a mixture of?

A

Hydrocarbons

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9
Q

What is Le Chatelier’s Principle?

A

The idea that if you change the conditions(such as temperature and pressure) of a reversible reaction at equilibrium, the system will try to counteract the change.

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10
Q

The ancient remains of plankton and other marine organisms is the origin of what finite resource?

A

Crude oil

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11
Q

What is the general formula for a homologous series of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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12
Q

Name three useful fuels obtained from crude oil.

A

Any three from:

petrol
diesel
kerosene
heavy fuel oil
liquefied petroleum gas

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13
Q

What process is used to separate the hydrocarbons found in crude oil?

A

Fractional Distillation

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14
Q

What are the products of cracking?

A

Alkanes and Alkenes

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15
Q

Name two useful materials that can be made from crude oil by the petrochemical industry.

A

Any two from:

solvents
lubricants
polymers
detergents.

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15
Q

What are the products of complete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

A

carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)

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16
Q

Explain how fractional distillation of crude oil works.

A

Crude oil (a mixture of different length hydrocarbons) is heated.
Different length fractions have different boiling points. When heated, the fractions evaporate and rise up the tower.
The fractions cool down as they rise up the tower. When they reach their condensing point, they will condense, turn into a liquid and flow out of the tower.

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17
Q

Which are more reactive? Alkanes or Alkenes?

A

Alkenes are more reactive than their related alkanes

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18
Q

What is the chemical meaning of a ‘pure’ substance?

What is the every day meaning of a ‘pure’ substance?

A

In Chemistry: A single element or compound that is not mixed with any other substance.

In everyday language: A substance that hasn’t had anything added to it, e.g. pure milk.

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19
Q

What is the test for an alkene?

A

Bromine water is an orange solution of bromine. It becomes colourless when it is shaken with an alkene

20
Q

What data can be used to prove a substance is ‘pure’ and not a mixture?

A

Melting and Boiling points (because pure substance melt and boil at specific temperatures)

21
Q

What is a formulation?

A

A mixture that has been designed as a useful product.

22
Q

Name the two phases in chromatography.

A

Stationary Phase
Mobile Phase

23
Q

Give three examples of formulations

A

Any three from:

Fuels, cleaning agents, paints, medicines, alloys, fertilisers and foods.

24
Q

What will the chromatogram of a pure substance look like?

A

A pure substance will only show a single spot on the chromatogram.

25
Q

In Chromatography, how do you calculate the Rf value for a substance?

A

Rf = distance moved by substance / distance moved by solvent

26
Q

Explain how paper chromatography can be used to separate a mixture.

A

A substance is added to the chromatography paper (stationary phase).
Molecules within a substance dissolve in the solvent and move up the paper (mobile phase).
The molecules within the substance separate because different chemicals spend different amounts of time in the mobile and stationary phases and therefore move different distances up the paper.

27
Q

Describe how you would test for Hydrogen.

A

Collect gas in a test tube
Hold a burning splint at the open end of a test tube.
You will hear a ‘pop’ sound if Hydrogen is present

28
Q

Describe how you would test for Oxygen.

A

Collect gas in a test tube
Insert a glowing splint into the test tube
The splint will relight if oxygen is present

29
Q

Describe the test for Chlorine.

A

Collect gas in a test tube
Place damp litmus paper in the test tube
If chlorine is present, the litmus paper is bleached and turns white

29
Q

Describe the test for Carbon dioxide.

A

Bubble the gas through limewater (calcium hydroxide solution)
If the limewater turns milky (cloudy) then carbon dioxide is present

30
Q

What are the approximate proportions of nitrogen and oxygen in our atmosphere (as a fraction and percentage).

A

Nitrogen (4/5 or 80%)
Oxygen (1/5 or 20%)

31
Q

Other than Nitrogen and Oxygen, name some gases that are present in very small quantities in our atmosphere.

A

Water vapour
Noble gases
Carbon dioxide

32
Q

How do most scientists believe the oceans were formed?

A

Water vapour in the early atmosphere condensed to form the oceans

33
Q

Write a word and balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis.

A

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

34
Q

Describe how crude oil is formed.

A

Deposits of dead plankton collect at the bottom of the sea.
They become buried by layers of sediment and are compressed over millions of years.
Crude oil and natural gas are then formed and are found as resevoirs deep underground.

35
Q

Explain what is meant by the ‘Greenhouse Effect’.

A

The greenhouse effect is the process through which heat is trapped near Earth’s surface by substances known as ‘greenhouse gases.’

36
Q

Suggest two human activities that increase the amount of greenhouse gases (e.g. methane and carbon dioxide).

A

Cars and deforestation

37
Q

What is meant by ‘carbon footprint’?

A

A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide and methane) that are generated by our actions

38
Q

What is the cause of global dimming?

A

Dimming appears to be caused by air pollution

39
Q

Name the two gases that cause acid rain

A

sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

40
Q

Name the toxic, colourless and odourless gas that can be released when burning fuels

A

Carbon monoxide,

41
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is safe to drink.

42
Q

What is meant by the term ‘sustainable development’?

A

Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

43
Q

Name the three different sterilising agents that can be used to make potable water.

A

Chlorine
Ozone
Ultraviolet light

44
Q

Name two processes that can be used to desalinate water.

A

Distillation
Reverse Osmosis

45
Q

Name the process by which salt is removed from water.

A

Desalination

46
Q

Describe the four main stages in the process of sewage treatment

A

Screening and grit removal
Sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent
Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
Aerobic biological treatment of effluent

47
Q

Describe the main stages in the phytomining process.

A
  1. Plants are used to absorb metal compounds such as copper(II) compounds
  2. The plants are harvested, then burned to produce ash, which contains the metal compounds
  3. An acid is added to the ash to produce a solution containing dissolved metal compounds (leachate)
  4. Copper can be obtained from these solutions by displacement using scrap iron
48
Q

How does bioleaching work?

A

In bioleaching, bacteria are used to extract copper ions from low grade copper ores. During this process, bacteria convert copper compounds within ores into solution. These copper compound solutions are called the leachate and can be separates using electrolysis or displacement reactions to form copper metal.

49
Q

What are the four stages of a product’s life that are assessed by Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs)?

A

extracting and processing raw materials; manufacturing and packaging; use and operation during its lifetime; disposal at the end of its useful life.

50
Q
A

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