CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 Flashcards
What are the sub atomic structure of an atom
Proton
Electron
Neutron
What is an ion
A charged atom
What is a Isotopes
An element that has the same amount of proton and different amount of neutron
What is the atomic nucleus made up of
Proton and neutron
What is the mass number
A total of proton plus neutron
What does the atomic number tell you
The amount of protons and electrons
What are on the outershell
Electron
What are compounds
Two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together
When making bonds what do they to
Either gain, loose or share an electron
How is ionic bonding made
When a metal gains and non metal loose electron
How is covalent bonding made
When two or more non metal share electron
What is a reactant in a word equation
The elements that will react together
What is the product in a word equation
The products that is produced by the reactant
What are mixtures
They are mixtures that are easily separated unlike compounds
Types of method to separate mixtures
-filteration
-crystallisation
-simple distillation
-fractional distillation
-chromotography
What is the law of conservation?
no atoms can be created or destroyed
What happens is filtration
Separates mixtures that contain insoluble solids (can’t dissolve) and liquid (which are soluble)
How is filtration performed
- pouring mixture into filter paper
- insouble is trapped by filter paper (solid)
- soluble runs through paper and collected below
What is crystallisation
A separation of mixtures by the solute (dissolved solid) forming into a crystal.
How would u preform crystallisation
- add in solvent and a solid in a evaporating dish (and let the solid dissolve)
- heating mixture (with bunsen burner) until some solvent (liquid) evaporates
- eventually, crystal of the solute ( dissolved solid) will form
- filter out crystals and leave it in a warm place to dry (could put in oven)
What is chromotography
Separates solution with a number of different solute (solids) in the solvent (liquid)
How would you preform chromatography?
- place a drop of solution near the bottom of the chromatography paper.
- dip bottom of paper into suitable solvent (liquid)
- solvent (liquid) moves up the paper and carried solute (solid) in the solution
- some solutes moves at different speed
- seperate on paper
What is Simple distillation
A separates 2 liquids with different boiling point
How is simple distillation preformed
-mixture starts to boil until liquid with the lower boiling point starts to boil
- vapour is released through condenser
-then gas cools back to liquid
What is fractional distillation
Separating lots of liquid with different amount of boiling point
How is fractional distillation performed
- slowly heat until the liquid with the lower boiling point starts to boil
- than increase temperature to collect (boil then condense) the other fraction
What is an alloy
Two or metals which are metallically bonded together
What is an alloy
Two or metals which are metallically bonded together
What does diatomic mean
Element that can be alone like oxygen
What is a solvent
Liquid in which a solute is dissolved
What is a solute
The substance that is dissolved in the liquid
What is a solution
The mixture formed when a solute dissolved into the solvent
What is a souble
Something that can be dissolve
What is insouble
Cant be dissolved
What does chemical bonds create
A strong electromagnetic force
What are the three main covalent structures
- diamond
- graphene
- graphite
What is a polmer
Large covalently bonded molecule
What are the properties of an ionic structure
-giant ionic lattice
-strong electrostatic force
-high melting point and high boiling point
-when molten (melted) or dissolve it conducts electricity
Why does a structure have a high melting and boiling point
Because energy is required to break many strong bonds
Why does a melted or dissolved structure conduct electricity
Because of the free electron (delocalised)
What are the properties of a small molecule
-has weak intermolecular force which is quickly broken in boiling and melting point
-intermolecular forces increases with the size of a molecule
-doesnt conduct electricity because they have no charge
Why do gases and liquids have a low melting and boiling point
Because the attraction between molecules are easy to overcome
What state is the gaint covalent bonds
Solid
What is a diamond
4 carbon covalent bonded together
What are the properties of a diamond
-very hard
-high melting point
-doesn’t not conduct electricity
What are graphite
3 carbon covalently bonded together
What are the properties of a graphite
-conducts electricity because of one free electron
-weak intermolecular force
-soft and slippery
What is a graphene
A single layer of carbon atoms (tightly bonded in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice)
The properties of graphene
- extremely strong
- lightweight
- flexible
- conductor of heat and electricity
What is a relative formula mass of a compound
Sum of relative atomic masses of atoms (proton and neutron)
What is a relative formula mass of a compound
Sum of relative atomic masses of atoms (proton and neutron)
What is the number of atoms, molecule, or ions in a mole of a given substance in the Avogadro constant
6.02 x 10 to the power or 23 per mole
What is the equation of moles
Mass= amount (mol) x relative fomula mass(gmol-1)
how can you find the relative atomic mass in an isotope
sum of mass
——————————————- (divide)
how many elements there are
how would we know that the relative atomic mass from the number of isotopes is correct
it will be the same as the relative atomic mass on the atomic table
what is the calculation when finding the relative atomic mass by the percentage abundance
100
what are group 1 elements known as
alkaline metals
what are the properties of alkaline metals (3.5 points)
- soft/ easy to cut through- gets softer down the table
-low densities and low melting point (easy to melt when going down the group) - very reactive
why does reactivity increase when going down group 1
number of shells increases by 1 when going down ( making it easier to loose)
what happens when atomic number increases
-the atomic radius increase (creating distance between the outer shell an the nucleus)
-nucleus attraction decreases
what happens when alkaline metals react with water
they react vigoursly ( reactive levels gets bigger down the group)
when the alkaline reacts with water what does it produce
when fizzing the produce gas ( hydroxide and hydrogen)
when group 1 metal reactive with water what do they loose
1 electron
is the the reactant is = sodium+water, what will the product be
sodium hydroxide+ hydrogen
how do group 1 react with oxygen
they react rapidly
what do you call group 7
halogens
what does is mean when halogen has a diatomic molecules
paired atoms
how to the group 7 non metals present themsleves
as a coloured vapour/liquid
what are the colour vapour/ liquid for the 4 main halogens
Fluorine- yellow poisonous gas
chlorine- green poisonous gas
bromine- red/brown volatile liquid
iodine- dark grey solid or purple vapour
in a displacement reaction what will happen when one the halogen elements is more reactive that than the other ( e.g like how fluorine is more reactive then chlorine)
the less reactive one will get displaced by the more reactive halogen
what is group 0 called
noble gasses
why is group 0 unreactive
they have a full/ stable outershell
what is the noble gas’s boiling point (which also makes them?)
lower then room temp (colourless and inflammable)
when going down the noble gases what happens to the boiling point
increases
why does the boiling point when going down group 0 increase
due to the increase number of electrons in each atom, creating a greater intermolecular force between them
what are the physical changes of a halogen going down the group
- colour gets darker
-melting and boiling point increases
-density increases - high relative atomic masses
why is does the reactivity scale go down for halogens
as there are an increased of shells, the electrons on the outer shell would be far away from the nucleus creating a weak electrostatic force of attraction (making it harder for it to attract incoming electron to create a full shell)
as halogens are a diatomic molecules, how will you write down the symbol for fluorine
F(small)2
