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GCSE COMBINED SCIENCE > BIOLOGY PAPER 1 > Flashcards

BIOLOGY PAPER 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

TWO TYPES OF CELLS

A

-Eukaryotic
-Prokaryotic

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2
Q

What is a defining feature eukaryotic cell

A

Dna enclosed with nucleus

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3
Q

What are the sizes of an e cell

A

10 - 100 micrometer

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4
Q

Defining feature of prokaryotic cell

A

A single loop of DNA that isnt enclosed

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5
Q

Size is a prokaryotic cell

A

1 micrometre

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6
Q

How many mm to micrometer

A

x1000

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7
Q

What is micrometer to Nanometer

A

x1000

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8
Q

What is in a animal and plant cell

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria

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9
Q

What are the three extra subcells in a plant

A

Rigid Cell wall
Large permanent vacuole
Chloroplast

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10
Q

What is in a bacteria cell

A

Cell wall
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Plasmids
One circular strand of DNA
Cytoplasm

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11
Q

What is a differentiated cell

A

Cells that change into a specialised cell

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12
Q

What does a specialised cell do

A

Works for a specific function

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13
Q

What is nerve cell specialised for and what are their adaption

A

Rapid signaling: branched connection, large surface area

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14
Q

What is sperm cells specialised for and what are their adaption

A

Reproduction: long tail, lots of mitochondria and enzyme, stream headline

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15
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell and what is their adaption

A

Contact: big surface area, mitochondria

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16
Q

What are stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that divide to make differentiated cells

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17
Q

Where can stem cells be found

A

In an adults bone marrow

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18
Q

What is the risk of donations a stem cell

A

Contamination

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19
Q

Stem cells in a plant is known as

A

Meistem

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20
Q

What can meristem do that a animal stem cell can’t

A

Grow at anytime

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21
Q

What is a chromosome

A

Coiled up nucleus = DNA

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22
Q

What are the steps in mitosis

A

IMPAT
Interphase
Prophase
Metophase
Amaphase
Telophase

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23
Q

What is produced from mitosis

A

2 identical daughter cells

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24
Q

What is mitosis for

A

Growth and repair

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25
Q

What happens in prophase (impat)

A

The dna are paired

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26
Q

What happens in metophase (impat)

A

The dna pair and pulled apart by cell fiber

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27
Q

What happens in amaphase (impat)

A

The nucleus is split in two and membranes are formed

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28
Q

What happens in telophase

A

Two daughter cells are made

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29
Q

W hat are cells

A

Building blocks that make a living organism

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30
Q

What are enzyme

A

A biological catalyst ( speeds up reaction)

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31
Q

What are all enzyme in chains of

A

Large proteins - amino chains in a unique shape

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32
Q

Why does an Enzyme have their own active site

A

So the substrate can fit in and match like a key to speed up reaction

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33
Q

What is the optimum temp

A

37

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34
Q

What is the optimum pH

A

7

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35
Q

What is Pepsin (that is in our stomach) optimum pH

A

2

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36
Q

What happens after the optimum temp/pH

A

Enzyme denatures

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37
Q

What is starch broken down into and with which enzyme

A

Into maltose by amalayse

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38
Q

Where can starch be found in

A

Pancreas
small intestine
Salivary glands

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39
Q

What is protein broken down into and with what enzyme

A

Into amino acids by protease

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40
Q

Where is protein found in

A

Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine

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41
Q

What is lipids (fats) broken down into and with what enzyme

A

Into glycerol and fatty acids by lipase

42
Q

Where is fats found in

A

Pancreas
Small intestine

43
Q

What food molecules are enzyme broken down into

A

Starch, protien and fats

44
Q

How are the lungs ordered in the thorax

A

-Oesophagus
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchlious
-aveoli

45
Q

How are the lungs in the thorax

A

-Oesophagus
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchlious
-aveoli

46
Q

How would u describe an aveoli

A

An airsac where gas exchange happens (diffusion to low to high)

47
Q

What are the two sytems of the hearts

A
  • cardiovascular
  • double circulatory system
48
Q

What does the right side of the heart carry

A

Deoxygenated blood

49
Q

What does the left side of the heart caryy

A

Oxygenated blood

50
Q

What are the four chambers of a heart

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left artium
Left ventricle

51
Q

How does the blood enter the heart

A

By the vena cava (right side) and the pulmonary vein (left side)

52
Q

When the blood enters the right side of the heart from the vena cava what happens to the blood when it leaves from the pulmonary artery to the lungs

A

The artia contracts pushing the blood into the ventricle, where the ventricle contracts forcing it to the pulmonary artery and aorta

53
Q

What is the conary heart disease

A

Where fat is stuck in the artery ( less oxygen intake) leading the heart to perform at its optimum.

54
Q

What is the conary heart disease caused by

A

Bad cholesterol (fatty material)

55
Q

As fatty acids material builds up the more…

A

…heart attacks and the risk of artery not working

56
Q

What are the two treatment pf conary disease

A

Stent and statins

57
Q

What are stents

A

A surgery where they stretch open the artery

58
Q

What are statins

A

A drug prescribed for people who has risk

59
Q

What are the advantages of statins

A

Easier
Quickly effective
Cheaper

60
Q

What are the disadvantages of statins

A

Risk of not working
Forgetting to take them - increases cholesterol
Side effect
Not suitable for everyone (elderly)

61
Q

Advantages of stent

A

Long lasting
No regular intakes like statins
Effective
Less risk

62
Q

Disadvantages of stent

A

Expensive
Long process
Risk of not working

63
Q

What are the three blood vessel

A

Artery
Viens
Capillary

64
Q

What is the function of the artery

A

Takes blood AWAY from the heart

65
Q

Function of viens

A

BRINGS blood to heart

66
Q

Function of capillaries

A

EXCHANGES materials at the tissue (uses diffusion)

67
Q

How is the artery built for their function

A

Elastic and strong walls
Thick layer of smooth muscle wall
Small lumen (hole)

68
Q

How is the capillaries fit for their function

A

One cell thick wall (very thin)
Joins up to form veins
Low pressure
Large lumen

69
Q

4 types of blood

A

Rbc
Wbc
Paletes
Plasma

70
Q

Function of RBC

A

Carries blood to lungs and heart

71
Q

Function of the WBC

A

Fight and defend against infection

72
Q

Function of the plasma

A

Carries everything

73
Q

Function of palates

A

Helps blood clot and heals wound

74
Q

How is RBC fit to do its function

A

No nucleus
Haemglobin (red pigment)
Bionic cave disc shape- large SA to absorb oxygen

75
Q

How is the WBC fit for its function

A

Some changed shape to engulf Mirco Organism (phagocytes)
Has nucleus

76
Q

Types pf communicable diseases

A

Fungi
Bacteria
Virus
Parasites

77
Q

Types of non communicable diseases

A

Asthma
Cancer
Colonary heart disease

78
Q

What are the steps in sugar solution on plant tissue experiment

A

Step 1: peel potatoes - potato skin will affect the rate of osmosis (as it will not take in water)
Step 2: Use cork borker to make potato cylinders the same size (diameter) - everything will stay same no biased
Step 3: use scalpel to trim to same length (preferably 3cm)
Step 4: measure mass and length of each cylinder- then place in test tube
Step 5: use distilled water - chemical in tap water can affect the experiment
- leave over night for osmosis
Step6 : remove cylinder potato and roll on paper - removing moisture on surface
Step 7: measure the mass and the length of the cylinders again

79
Q

What is the equation of percentage change

A

Change in value
———————— x100
Original value

80
Q

what are the disadvantages of light microscope

A
  • limited magnification
    -limited resolution
81
Q

what is magnification

A

how many times larger the image is than the object

82
Q

what is resolution

A

how detailed the image is
(sharp image)

83
Q

what is the advantage of an electron microscope

A

they have a higher magnification and resolution

84
Q

what is the magnification equation

A

magnification= size of image ÷ real size

85
Q

what does a coarse focusing dial do

A

it moves the lenses close to the slide

86
Q

what does a fine focusing dial do

A

brings cells into a clear focus

87
Q

what does the stage of the microscope do

A

a place where the prepared slide is placed

88
Q

how many objective lense are there

A

3

89
Q

how to calculate total magnification on the miscroscope

A

magnification of eyepiece lense x magnification of objective lense

90
Q

what are the three magnification of the objective lense

A

4x, 10x, 40x

91
Q

what is the magnification of the eye eyepiece lense

A

10x

92
Q

what are the parts of a light microscope

A
  • eye piece (fixed magnification)
  • objective lense (3 types of vary)
  • coarse focussing knob (dial)
    -fine focussing knob (dial)
  • stage where microscope slide is placed
    -light source: mirror or lamp
93
Q

Question 1: Name an advantage of using an electron microscope over a light microscope.

A

Electron microscopes have much greater magnification and resolving power

94
Q

what does object mean in microscopy

A

the physical sample of what your looking at

95
Q

Name an advantage of using an electron microscope over a light microscope.

A

they have a much greater resolution and magnification (can be viewed in great detail)

96
Q

how many milli metres is mirco metres

A

1000

97
Q

A specimen is 38 μm long. the magnification is x100. whats the length of the image produced in mm

A

(image size = magnification x real size)

image size = 100 x 38 = 3800 μm

(÷ 1000)

3800 μm = 3.8 mm

98
Q

how would you prepare a slide (for onions)

A
  • add a drop of water on clean slide
  • place down oinion cell ( peel epidemermal) on wet slide
  • add a drop of stain of iodine on oinion- which highlights the cells
    -put cover slip on top, pressing gentle down
99
Q

what is a pace maker

A
100
Q

where is it placed around the heart

A
101
Q

what is digitalis

A
102
Q

what does digitalis n

A

GCSE COMBINED SCIENCE (4 decks)

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