BIOLOGY PAPER 1 Flashcards
TWO TYPES OF CELLS
-Eukaryotic
-Prokaryotic
What is a defining feature eukaryotic cell
Dna enclosed with nucleus
What are the sizes of an e cell
10 - 100 micrometer
Defining feature of prokaryotic cell
A single loop of DNA that isnt enclosed
Size is a prokaryotic cell
1 micrometre
How many mm to micrometer
x1000
What is micrometer to Nanometer
x1000
What is in a animal and plant cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
What are the three extra subcells in a plant
Rigid Cell wall
Large permanent vacuole
Chloroplast
What is in a bacteria cell
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Plasmids
One circular strand of DNA
Cytoplasm
What is a differentiated cell
Cells that change into a specialised cell
What does a specialised cell do
Works for a specific function
What is nerve cell specialised for and what are their adaption
Rapid signaling: branched connection, large surface area
What is sperm cells specialised for and what are their adaption
Reproduction: long tail, lots of mitochondria and enzyme, stream headline
What is the function of a muscle cell and what is their adaption
Contact: big surface area, mitochondria
What are stem cells
Undifferentiated cells that divide to make differentiated cells
Where can stem cells be found
In an adults bone marrow
What is the risk of donations a stem cell
Contamination
Stem cells in a plant is known as
Meistem
What can meristem do that a animal stem cell can’t
Grow at anytime
What is a chromosome
Coiled up nucleus = DNA
What are the steps in mitosis
IMPAT
Interphase
Prophase
Metophase
Amaphase
Telophase
What is produced from mitosis
2 identical daughter cells
What is mitosis for
Growth and repair
What happens in prophase (impat)
The dna are paired
What happens in metophase (impat)
The dna pair and pulled apart by cell fiber
What happens in amaphase (impat)
The nucleus is split in two and membranes are formed
What happens in telophase
Two daughter cells are made
W hat are cells
Building blocks that make a living organism
What are enzyme
A biological catalyst ( speeds up reaction)
What are all enzyme in chains of
Large proteins - amino chains in a unique shape
Why does an Enzyme have their own active site
So the substrate can fit in and match like a key to speed up reaction
What is the optimum temp
37
What is the optimum pH
7
What is Pepsin (that is in our stomach) optimum pH
2
What happens after the optimum temp/pH
Enzyme denatures
What is starch broken down into and with which enzyme
Into maltose by amalayse
Where can starch be found in
Pancreas
small intestine
Salivary glands
What is protein broken down into and with what enzyme
Into amino acids by protease
Where is protein found in
Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine
What is lipids (fats) broken down into and with what enzyme
Into glycerol and fatty acids by lipase
Where is fats found in
Pancreas
Small intestine
What food molecules are enzyme broken down into
Starch, protien and fats
How are the lungs ordered in the thorax
-Oesophagus
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchlious
-aveoli
How are the lungs in the thorax
-Oesophagus
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchlious
-aveoli
How would u describe an aveoli
An airsac where gas exchange happens (diffusion to low to high)
What are the two sytems of the hearts
- cardiovascular
- double circulatory system
What does the right side of the heart carry
Deoxygenated blood
What does the left side of the heart caryy
Oxygenated blood
What are the four chambers of a heart
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left artium
Left ventricle
How does the blood enter the heart
By the vena cava (right side) and the pulmonary vein (left side)
When the blood enters the right side of the heart from the vena cava what happens to the blood when it leaves from the pulmonary artery to the lungs
The artia contracts pushing the blood into the ventricle, where the ventricle contracts forcing it to the pulmonary artery and aorta
What is the conary heart disease
Where fat is stuck in the artery ( less oxygen intake) leading the heart to perform at its optimum.
What is the conary heart disease caused by
Bad cholesterol (fatty material)
As fatty acids material builds up the more…
…heart attacks and the risk of artery not working
What are the two treatment pf conary disease
Stent and statins
What are stents
A surgery where they stretch open the artery
What are statins
A drug prescribed for people who has risk
What are the advantages of statins
Easier
Quickly effective
Cheaper
What are the disadvantages of statins
Risk of not working
Forgetting to take them - increases cholesterol
Side effect
Not suitable for everyone (elderly)
Advantages of stent
Long lasting
No regular intakes like statins
Effective
Less risk
Disadvantages of stent
Expensive
Long process
Risk of not working
What are the three blood vessel
Artery
Viens
Capillary
What is the function of the artery
Takes blood AWAY from the heart
Function of viens
BRINGS blood to heart
Function of capillaries
EXCHANGES materials at the tissue (uses diffusion)
How is the artery built for their function
Elastic and strong walls
Thick layer of smooth muscle wall
Small lumen (hole)
How is the capillaries fit for their function
One cell thick wall (very thin)
Joins up to form veins
Low pressure
Large lumen
4 types of blood
Rbc
Wbc
Paletes
Plasma
Function of RBC
Carries blood to lungs and heart
Function of the WBC
Fight and defend against infection
Function of the plasma
Carries everything
Function of palates
Helps blood clot and heals wound
How is RBC fit to do its function
No nucleus
Haemglobin (red pigment)
Bionic cave disc shape- large SA to absorb oxygen
How is the WBC fit for its function
Some changed shape to engulf Mirco Organism (phagocytes)
Has nucleus
Types pf communicable diseases
Fungi
Bacteria
Virus
Parasites
Types of non communicable diseases
Asthma
Cancer
Colonary heart disease
What are the steps in sugar solution on plant tissue experiment
Step 1: peel potatoes - potato skin will affect the rate of osmosis (as it will not take in water)
Step 2: Use cork borker to make potato cylinders the same size (diameter) - everything will stay same no biased
Step 3: use scalpel to trim to same length (preferably 3cm)
Step 4: measure mass and length of each cylinder- then place in test tube
Step 5: use distilled water - chemical in tap water can affect the experiment
- leave over night for osmosis
Step6 : remove cylinder potato and roll on paper - removing moisture on surface
Step 7: measure the mass and the length of the cylinders again
What is the equation of percentage change
Change in value
———————— x100
Original value
what are the disadvantages of light microscope
- limited magnification
-limited resolution
what is magnification
how many times larger the image is than the object
what is resolution
how detailed the image is
(sharp image)
what is the advantage of an electron microscope
they have a higher magnification and resolution
what is the magnification equation
magnification= size of image ÷ real size
what does a coarse focusing dial do
it moves the lenses close to the slide
what does a fine focusing dial do
brings cells into a clear focus
what does the stage of the microscope do
a place where the prepared slide is placed
how many objective lense are there
3
how to calculate total magnification on the miscroscope
magnification of eyepiece lense x magnification of objective lense
what are the three magnification of the objective lense
4x, 10x, 40x
what is the magnification of the eye eyepiece lense
10x
what are the parts of a light microscope
- eye piece (fixed magnification)
- objective lense (3 types of vary)
- coarse focussing knob (dial)
-fine focussing knob (dial) - stage where microscope slide is placed
-light source: mirror or lamp
Question 1: Name an advantage of using an electron microscope over a light microscope.
Electron microscopes have much greater magnification and resolving power
what does object mean in microscopy
the physical sample of what your looking at
Name an advantage of using an electron microscope over a light microscope.
they have a much greater resolution and magnification (can be viewed in great detail)
how many milli metres is mirco metres
1000
A specimen is 38 μm long. the magnification is x100. whats the length of the image produced in mm
(image size = magnification x real size)
image size = 100 x 38 = 3800 μm
(÷ 1000)
3800 μm = 3.8 mm
how would you prepare a slide (for onions)
- add a drop of water on clean slide
- place down oinion cell ( peel epidemermal) on wet slide
- add a drop of stain of iodine on oinion- which highlights the cells
-put cover slip on top, pressing gentle down
what is a pace maker
where is it placed around the heart
what is digitalis
what does digitalis n
