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Anatomy and Physiology > Chemistry of life and the cell > Flashcards

Chemistry of life and the cell Flashcards

1
Q

Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body’s mass. These include ________.

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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2
Q

Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins?

A

amino

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3
Q

The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an ________

A

atom

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4
Q

The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of ________.

A

protons

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5
Q

When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes ___________

A

ion

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6
Q

substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) ________.

A

salt

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7
Q

AB → A+B is a general notation for what type of reaction?

A

decomposition

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8
Q

What type of reactions release energy?

A

Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

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9
Q

CH4 is methane. This compound is ________.

A

organic

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10
Q

In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________.

A

double helix

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11
Q

Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true?

A

Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds

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12
Q

Which type of bond represents a weak chemical bond?

A

hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

give an example of a monosaccharide ________

A

galactose
glucose
fructose

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14
Q

Cellulose and starch are two common examples of polysaccharides that are made up of many monosaccharide units

A

true

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15
Q

Phospholipids are important components of __________.

A

plasma membrane off the cell

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16
Q

The genetic material DNA is found in

A

nucleus

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17
Q

An isotope of sodium (Na) has a mass number of 22. How many neutrons does it have?

A

11

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18
Q

Using a pH meter, you find the pH of an unknown solution to be 8.0. How would you describe this solution?

A

weakly basic

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19
Q

The atom is made of 3 subatomic particles. The subatomic particle found in the nucleus with a positive charge is the ___________.

A

protons

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20
Q

The __________ is the smallest unit of matter

A

atom

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21
Q

An _______ bond is a bond in which electrons are transferred.

A

ionic

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22
Q

An acid has a pH below ______.

A

7

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23
Q

An acid has a pH below ______.

A

7

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24
Q

A base has a ph above _____.

A

7

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25
Q

Water is made of 1 oxygen molecule and _____ hydrogen atoms.

A

2

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26
Q

Gold is an example of a __

A

element

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27
Q

The water molecule is _________, because there is an uneven distribution of electron within the molecule.

A

polar

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28
Q

The nucleus is made of_____________

A

protons neutrons and electrons

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29
Q

The most abundant compound in living things

A

water

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30
Q

If an atom contains 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons, its mass number is

A

7

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31
Q

If an atom contains 11 protons and 12 neutrons, its atomic number is

A

23

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32
Q

Carbon-12 is the most common isotope of carbon. It has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6
electrons. Of its 6 electrons, 4 are valence electrons. How many covalent bonds can a
carbon atom form?

A

4

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33
Q

Amino acid is to protein as

A

simple sugar is to starch

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34
Q

In chemical reactions, atoms are

A

rearrange

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35
Q

Which of the following terms describes a substance formed by the combination of two or more elements in definite proportions?

A

compounds

36
Q

A covalent bond is formed as the result of

A

sharing

37
Q

A substance with a pH of 6 is called

A

acid

38
Q

What part of the cell is responsible for breaking down and digesting things?

A

lysosomes

39
Q

What part of the cell serves as the intracellular highway?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

40
Q

The jellylike interior of the cell is called the:

A

cytoplasm

41
Q

What part of the cell makes proteins?

A

ribosomes

42
Q

Where are ribosomes usually located in animal and plant cells?

A

er

43
Q

What part of the cell serves to process, package and export proteins?

A

golgi complex

44
Q

The powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondria

45
Q

Chromosomes are found in _____________________ of cells.

A

nucleus

46
Q

A karyotype is a:

A

picture of an individual’s chromosomes arranged in a standardized way

47
Q

The sex chromosomes of normal females are:

A

XX

48
Q

The sex chromosomes of normal females are:

A

XX

49
Q

The genes on the sex chromosomes of females are ___________ and those of males are mostly ___________ .

A

homologous; hemizygous

50
Q

Autosomes:

A

are all chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes

51
Q

Normal humans have __________ pairs of autosomes and ___________ pair(s) of sex chromosomes.

A

22 AND 1

52
Q

A chromatid is:

A

one of the strands or arms of a chromosome

53
Q

Which cells would classify as eukaryotic?

A

Bacteria

54
Q

Which cell types have/can have cell walls?

A

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

55
Q

This area of the cell surrounds the nucleus and regulates passage of substances to and from the nucleus?

A

nuclear envelope

56
Q

This structure is the central core of the cell and it’s genetic material is DNA?

A

Nucleus

57
Q

This site serves as the synthesis and assembly of ribosomes?

A

Nucleolus

58
Q

This area of the cell is a thin flexible layer that separates fluid into intracellular and extracellular fluid?

A

Plasma membrane

59
Q

Ribosomes have the appearance of _______ and are constructed of _______?

A

Small, dark staining granules, RNA

60
Q

This structure is a stack of three to ten disc-shaped envelopes bound by a membrane that sorts, processes, and packages proteins and membranes?

A

Golgi apparatus

61
Q

Peroxisomes use oxidases and catalase to (_______) the body from (_______).

A

detoxify, free radicals

62
Q

Intermediate filaments are cytoskeletal elements that help the cell resist tension.

A

TRUE

63
Q

The (______) is responsible for supporting the cell and giving it shape.

A

MICROTUBULES

64
Q

The ( ______) helps form the cytoskeleton of the cell?

A

Microfilaments

65
Q

What structure of the cell is like tiny, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that increases cell’s surface area?

A

MICROVILLI

66
Q

The centrioles are found in the cytoplasm.

A

FALSE

67
Q

The liquid found inside a cell is?

A

CYTOPLASM

68
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for fat metabolism.

A

TRUE

69
Q

What structure of the cell is responsible for packaging DNA, reinforcing mitosis, preventing DNA damage, and controlling DNA replication?

A

Chromatin

70
Q

What does a DNA structure look like?

A

A TWISTED LADDER

71
Q

What structure is responsible for storing glycogen for the cell’s main energy source?

A

GLYCOSOMES

72
Q

The nucleus is found in the center of the cell and controls cell activity.

A

TRUE

73
Q

The outer boundary of the cell which makes up the three main parts of the human cell is the?

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

74
Q

What part of the cell’s subunit is responsible for disposal of waste, maintaining its shape/integrity, and replicating itself?

A

ORGANELLES

75
Q

A foreign cell has entered your blood stream. Which process describes how it can be engulfed by one of the cells in your immune system?

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

76
Q

Diffusion of small, non-polar molecules across the cell membrane along a concentration gradient is…

A

FACILLITATED

77
Q

Which cell feature is responsible for making proteins?

A

RIBOSOMES

78
Q

All human BODY CELLS contain this many chromosomes

A

46

79
Q

Where in the cell does DNA replication take place?

A

NUCLEUS

80
Q

What cell feature contains digestive enzymes which breaks things down?

A

LYSOSOMES

81
Q

The nitrogenous base Adenine can pair with _____.

A

THYMINE

82
Q

At what point during normal DNA replication is genetic material lost from the telomeres?

A

Joining of adjacent Okazaki fragments

83
Q

DNA strands run _____ in relation to each other.

A

antiparallel

84
Q

Between the two strands of a DNA segment the nitrogen bases are held together by _____.

A

HYDROGEN BONDS

85
Q

The leading strand of a DNA molecule has the following sequence:
5’-CGCATGTAGCGA-3’
Which of the following sequences is complementary to the leading strand shown above?

A

3’-GCGTACATCGCT-5’

86
Q

The first scientist to describe living cells as seen through a simple microscope

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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