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Chemistry Of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet formed by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone.

A

Secondary structure

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1
Q

linear sequence of amino acids.

A

Primary structure

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2
Q

Three-dimensional shape formed by interactions between R groups.

A

Tertiary structures

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3
Q

Association of multiple polypeptides.

A

Quaternary structure

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4
Q

The spiral shape resulting from the coiling of a polypeptide in a protein’s secondary structure.

A

alpha (α) helix

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5
Q

An organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomer of proteins.

A

Amino acid

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6
Q

In an organic molecule, a functional group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

A

Amino group

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6
Q

A synthetic variant of the male hormone testosterone that mimics some of its effects.

A

Anabolic steroid

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7
Q

Member of the class of biological molecules consisting of simple single-monomer sugars (monosaccharides), two-monomer sugars (disaccharides), and other multiunit sugars (polysaccharides).

A

Carbohydrate

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8
Q

The chain of carbon atoms that forms the structural backbone of an organic molecule.

A

Carbon skeleton

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9
Q

In an organic molecule, a functional group consisting of a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom.

A

Carbonyl group

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10
Q

In an organic molecule, a functional group consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to a hydroxyl group.

A

Carboxyl group

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11
Q

In an organic molecule, a functional group consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to a hydroxyl group.

A

Cellulose

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12
Q

A structural polysaccharide found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of arthropods.

A

Chitin

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13
Q

A steroid that is an important component of animal cell membranes and that acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other steroids such as hormones.

A

Cholesterol

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14
Q

A chemical process in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. Also called condensation.

A

Dehydration reaction

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15
Q

A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature. Also refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors.

A

Denaturation

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16
Q

A double-stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Capable of replicating, is an organism’s genetic material.

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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17
Q

A sugar molecule consisting of two monosaccharides linked by a dehydration reaction.

A

disaccharide

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18
Q

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.

A

Double helix

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19
Q

A protein (or RNA molecule) that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed into a different molecule in the process.

A

Enzyme

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20
Q

A large lipid molecule made from an alcohol called glycerol and three fatty acids; a triglyceride. Most fats function as energy-storage molecules.

A

Fat

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21
Q

An assemblage of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.

A

Functional group

22
Q

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). Most of the genes of a eukaryote are located in its chromosomal DNA; a few are carried by the DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

A

Gene

23
Q

An extensively branched polysaccharide of many glucose monomers; serves as an energy-storage molecule in liver and muscle cells; the animal equivalent of starch.

A

Glycogen

24
Q

A chemical compound composed only of the elements carbon and hydrogen.

A

Hydrocarbon

25
Q

A chemical process in which polymers are broken down by the chemical addition of water molecules to the bonds linking their monomers; an essential part of digestion.

A

Hydrolysis

26
Q

“Water-loving”; pertaining to polar, or charged, molecules (or parts of molecules) that are soluble in water.

A

Hydrophilic

27
Q

“Water-fearing”; pertaining to nonpolar molecules (or parts of molecules) that do not dissolve in water.

A

Hydrophobic

28
Q

In an organic molecule, a functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom.

A

Hydroxyl group

29
Q

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and, therefore, different properties.

A

Isomer

30
Q

An organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar convalent bonds, making the compound mostly hydrophobic. Lipids include fats, phospholipids, and steroids and are insoluble in water.

A

Lipid

31
Q

In an organic molecule, a carbon bonded to three hydrogens.

A

Methyl group

32
Q

A chemical subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer.

A

Monomer

33
Q

The simplest carbohydrate; a simple sugar with a molecular formula that is generally some multiple of CH2O. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides and polysaccharides.

A

monosaccharide

34
Q

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular structures and activities. The two types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.

A

Nucleic acid

35
Q

An organic monomer consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

A

Nucleotide

36
Q

A chemical compound containing the element carbon and usually synthesized by cells.

A

Organic compounds

37
Q

The covalent linkage between two amino acid units in a polypeptide; formed by a dehydration reaction.

A

Peptide bond

38
Q

A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms.

A

Phosphate group

39
Q

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group, giving the molecule a nonpolar hydrophobic tail and a polar hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes.

A

phospholipid

40
Q

A large molecule consisting of many identical or similar molecular units, called monomers, covalently joined together in a chain.

A

Polymer

41
Q

A polymer (chain) of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

A

Polypeptide

42
Q

A carbohydrate polymer consisting of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides (sugars) linked by dehydration synthesis.

A

polysaccharide

43
Q

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

A

Primary structure

44
Q

A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional structure.

A

Protein

45
Q

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

A

Quaternary structure

46
Q

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

47
Q

Pertaining to fats and fatty acids whose hydrocarbon chains contain the maximum number of hydrogens and therefore have no double covalent bonds. Saturated fats and fatty acids solidify at room temperature.

A

Saturated

48
Q

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.

A

Secondary structure

49
Q

A storage polysaccharide found in the roots of plants and certain other cells; a polymer of glucose.

A

Starch

50
Q

A type of lipid whose carbon skeleton is in the form of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached; examples are cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen.

A

Steroid

51
Q

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

A

Tertiary structure

52
Q

Pertaining to fats and fatty acids whose hydrocarbon chains lack the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and therefore have one or more double covalent bonds. Unsaturated fats and fatty acids do not solidify at room temperature.

A

Unsaturated

53
Q

–NH2

A

Amino Group Identify

54
Q

–COOH

A

Carboxyl Group Identify

Biology (3 decks)

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