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BIOLOGY > Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

considered the smallest particle of matter that is not divisible by any chemical means and is the smallest unit of an element to enter chemical reactions.

A

atom

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2
Q

All atoms of an element have a particular number of protons that can also be called what?

A

atomic number

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3
Q

considered the smallest part of a compound; All atoms of an element have a particular number of protons that can also be called this…

A

molecules

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4
Q

it is an interaction involving atoms of elements combining with one another; It is the attractive force that binds atoms together to form molecules and is determined by the electrons that surround the nucleus.

A

chemical bonding

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5
Q

the electrons of an atom are shared. This is characteristic of most chemicals in living things. During this bond, the smallest particle or molecule is formed.

A

covalent bond

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6
Q

an electron is transferred from one atom to another. In this process, when the electron is lost, cations are formed, while if an electron is gained anions are formed.

A

ionic bond

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7
Q

it happens when hydrogen combines with oxygen or with another electronegative atom. This bond is weak and can be easily formed or broken. It is also an important chemical bond in biological systems as well as in determining the structure of DNA and proteins.

A

hydrogen bond

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8
Q

these are the molecules that always contain carbon and hydrogen, and their atoms are usually held together by covalent bonds.

A

organic molecules

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9
Q

the main source of energy in the body and their building blocks are the glucose molecules.

A

carbohydrates

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10
Q

this can also be called simple sugars. It is an important source of energy for the cells and is a sub-unit for most of the polysaccharides.

A

monosaccharides

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11
Q

blood sugar or dextrose

A

glucose

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12
Q

fruit sugar

A

fructose

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13
Q

double sugar

A

galactose

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14
Q

it is composed of two monosaccharides bonded together. It is the principal sugar that is being transported throughout the bodies of land plants.

A

disaccharides

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15
Q

milk sugar: glucose + galactose

A

lactose

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16
Q

malt sugar: glucose + glucose

A

maltose

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17
Q

table sugar: glucose + fructose

A

sucrose

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18
Q

this type of carbohydrate is also known as complex sugar. It is composed of numerous monosaccharides, mainly glucose, bonded together.

A

polysaccharides

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19
Q

structural material in plants

A

cellulose

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20
Q

energy storage in plants

A

starch

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21
Q

energy storage in animals

A

glycogen

22
Q

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with no definite ratio, the number of oxygen atoms is very much less compared to hydrogen atoms. This is where the energy is stored

A

lipids

23
Q

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with no definite ratio, the number of oxygen atoms is very much less compared to hydrogen atoms. This is where the energy is
stored

A

lipids

24
Q

It is composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol. This includes oil and fats, stearin, palmitin, olein, and waxes; also called as triglyceride

A

simple lipids

25
Q

lipids that are found in combination with other compounds

A

compound lipids

26
Q

lipids with protein

A

lipoproteins

27
Q

lipids with carbohydrates

A

glycolipids

28
Q

composed of four-fused rings of carbon atoms with functional groups attached. It includes cholesterol which is a common component of membranes of eukaryotic cells.

A

steroids

29
Q

composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen plus other elements such as sulfur, iron, iodine, etc. It is important in the growth and repair of tissues,

A

proteins

30
Q

proteins that are arranged parallel along a single axis to produce long fibers or sheets.

A

fibrous protein

31
Q

the most abundant protein in vertebrates found in bones, cartilage, and skin.

A

collagen

32
Q

helical protein, the principal component of hair, skin, and nails

A

keratin

33
Q

blood plasma responsible for blood clotting

A

fibrinogen

34
Q

actin and myosin, responsible for muscle contraction

A

muscle proteins

35
Q

sheet protein produced by silk moths and spider

A

silk pleated

36
Q

The polypeptide of these proteins is tightly folded into spherical or globular shapes, hence the reason for its name.

A

globular protein

37
Q

soluble proteins abundant in animal cells, blood serum, milk, and eggs.

A

albumins and globulins

38
Q

the component of vertebrate blood used to transport oxygen.

A

hemoglobin

39
Q

It is a simple protein in union with other substances.

A

conjugated protein

40
Q

protein with nucleic acids (ex. histone)

A

nucleoprotein

41
Q

protein with carbohydrates (ex. mucin)

A

Glycoprotein

42
Q

protein with fatty acids (ex. serum and brain tissue)

A

lipoprotein

43
Q

protein with pigments (ex. cytochrome)

A

chromoprotein

44
Q

composed of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. It is important in protein synthesis as RNA and as a hereditary material as DNA.

A

nucleic acids

45
Q

chemical reactions that take place inside the cell.

A

biochemical reactions

46
Q

contain positive and negative ions; usually composed of short chains and are often associated with non-living things. This includes water, acids and bases, salts, and gases.

A

inorganic molecules

47
Q

the most abundant component of the protoplasm

A

water

48
Q

molecules that raise the hydrogen ion concentration when added to a solution like HCl

A

acids

49
Q

these are molecules that lower the hydrogen ion concentration when added to a solution like NaOH.

A

bases

50
Q

formed from the neutralization of an acid and a base.

A

salts

51
Q

important in the oxidation of food molecules to release energy (ex. oxygen & carbon dioxide)

A

gases

BIOLOGY (5 decks)

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