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Life Sciences Gr10 P1 content > Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What are micro- and macro-elements?

A

Micro-elements are only needed in small quantities and macro-elements are needed in larger quantities

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2
Q

What are minerals?

A

They are simple inorganic substances required by living organisms

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3
Q

What are some functions of water? (in the body)

A

Breaks down larger inorganic compounds, helps with chemical reactions, transports food and dissolves waste products eg. urine or sweat

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4
Q

What are organic substances?

A

Organic substances all contain carbon and hydrogen (Sometimes oxygen, nitrogen or phosphorus). They are only found in living organisms (Lipids, proteins)

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5
Q

Carbohydrates: What are monosaccharides ?

A

They have one sugar ring and are the monomers (building blocks) of all polysaccharides

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6
Q

Carbohydrates: What are disaccharides?

A

They have two sugar rings, made up of two monosaccharides units

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7
Q

Carbohydrates: What are polysaccharides?

A

Made up of more than two monosaccharides units

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8
Q

Types of sugar

A

Monosaccharides:

  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose

Disaccharides:

  • Sucrose = glucose + fructose
  • Maltose = glucose + glucose
  • Lactose = glucose + galactose

Polysaccharides:

  • Cellulose (Structure)
  • Starch (Storage)
  • Glycogen (Storage)
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9
Q

Starch test (Iodine solution) positive and negative colours

A

Positive: blue-black
Negative: yellow-orange
NB!! Know both ways

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10
Q

Glucose test (Benedict’s solution) positive and negative colours

A

Positive: red
Negative: blue
NB!! Know both ways

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11
Q

Glucose test (Fehling’s A+B solution) positive and negative colours

A

Positive: green/orange/yellow/red
Negative: blue
NB!! Know both ways

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12
Q

Protein test (Million’s test) positive and negative colours

A

Positive: wine red
Negative: white/cream
NB!! Know both ways

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13
Q

Protein test (Biuret test) positive and negative colours

A

Positive: violet to purple
Negative: blue
NB!! Know both ways

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14
Q

Lipids test (Ether test) positive and negative results

A

Positive: Translucent oil mark
Negative: No oil mark
NB!! Know both ways

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15
Q

Lipids test (Water test) positive and negative results

A

Positive: immiscible (oil floats)
Negative: miscible
NB!! Know both ways

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16
Q

What is the difference between a saturated and a unsaturated fat?

A

Saturated fats;

  • Saturated with hydrogen atoms
  • Solid at room temp

Unsaturated fats:

  • Called oils, liquid at room temp
  • Most plant and fish fats are unsaturated
17
Q

Functions of lipids

A

They can store energy, protect organs, reduce heat loss, water proofing ability, phospholipids make cell membranes

18
Q

Why is a diet that is high in fats dangerous?

A

It causes heart disease. It causes fatty deposits to form in the arteries, blocking blood flow (atherosclerosis)

19
Q

What elements do proteins have to have?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. Some may have sulphur, phosphorus or iron. They are built up of long chains of monomers (amino acids)

20
Q

How does a protein become denatured? (And enzymes)

A

By the structure changing because of extremely high/low temps or changes in pH levels. They have an optimum temp and pH level at which they work best. If it goes below the temp they will become inactive/dormant which is reversible. However if it goes above the temp or higher/lower pH levels it becomes denatured which is irreversible

21
Q

What are some of the functions of a protein?

A

They store energy, used to form cell membranes and chromosomes, enzymes (in the organic catalysts group) help with chemical reactions

22
Q

Functions of enzymes

A

They help speed up chemical reactions without being used up themselves aa well as regulating them to make sure the reactions occur at the optimum rate

23
Q

What is the lock and key theory?

A

Each enzyme type has a particular shape and only one kind of substrate can fit into it.

24
Q

What is anabolic and catabolic?

A

Anabolic is a building up reaction, the number of products is more than the number of reactants
Catabolic is a breaking down reaction, the number of products is less than the number of reactants

25
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

They are made up of long chains of amino acids (they are proteins) which are folded to form active sites. Substrates can bind to these and form a enzyme-substrate complex. (There may also be a coenzyme) Once the reaction is complete the products are released and the enzyme can be used again

26
Q

What happens when an enzyme is absorbed?

A

The active site changes shape so the substrate no longer fits and the enzyme doesn’t work anymore

27
Q

Why are enzymes used in industry?

A

Because they can be used over and over so you only need a few enzymes and because they don’t need high temperatures to work so this reduces costs

28
Q

How are enzymes used in industry?

A

They are used for tenderizing meat, removing hair, making beer/wine/vinegar/chocolate/syrup and used in washing powders to clean clothes

29
Q

Types of enzymes

A

Proteases: break down proteins
Amylases: remove starch stains
Lipases: remove greasy stains (fats and oils)

30
Q

What does DNA and RNA stand for?

A

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA - ribonucleic acid

31
Q

What is DNA’s building block?

A

nucleotides

32
Q

What are the functions of the gene?

A

Each gene carries a code within it that decides which proteins and enzymes are going to be formed. It also controls the inheritance of characteristics from parents

33
Q

Vitamin A: Functions, sources and deficiency disease

A

Functions: Helps with vision
Source: Milk, liver, fruits and veg
Disease: Night blindness (can’t see in dim light)

34
Q

Vitamin B: Functions, sources and deficiency disease

A

Functions: Acts as a coenzyme in cellular respiration
Source: Whole grains, nuts, meat, yeast
Disease: Beri-Beri (Stunted growth, nerve/heart disorders)

35
Q

Vitamin C: Functions, sources and deficiency disease

A

Functions: Maintains intercellular substance
Source: Citrus fruit, guavas, tomatoes, potatoes
Disease: Scurvy (bleeding gums)

36
Q

Vitamin D: Functions, sources and deficiency disease

A

Functions: Helps with bone formation
Source: Dairy products, egg yolk
Disease: Rickets in kids, osteomalacia in adults

37
Q

Vitamin E: Functions, sources and deficiency disease

A

Functions: Prevents oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
Source: leafy greens vegetables
Disease: Haemorrhage (excessive bleeding)

Life Sciences Gr10 P1 content (7 decks)

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