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Chemistry Of Lipids > Chemistry Of Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Chemistry Of Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of carbohydrate

A

Storage form of energy (starch and glycogen
Source of energy
Excess carbohydrates are stored as fat
Carbohydrates are structural components of bio membrane e.g glycoproteins and glycolipid
Serves as structural basis of many organism, cellulose of plant, exoskeleton of insects, cell wall of micro organisms

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2
Q

What serves as ground substance in higher organism

A

Mucopolysaccharides

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3
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

They are polyhydroxyl ketone or aldehyde

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4
Q

Glucose can be used to synthesize what

A

The cellulose of the plant cell walls

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5
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols

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6
Q

Classifications of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

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7
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

Monosaccharides are sugas that can’t be hydrolyzed into simper carbohydrates

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8
Q

Classification of monosaccharides

A

Based on number of carbon atoms (trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, hepptoses)
Based on the aldehyde or ketone group(Aldoses, ketoses)

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9
Q

Functions of polyhydric alcohols

A

They are bulk sweeteners, with low caloride content,(weight reduction and diabetics)

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10
Q

Reactions of monosaccharides

A

Mutorotation
Reducing properties
Formation of osazone with phenylhydrazine.

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11
Q

Enediol formation

A

In mild alkaline solution, carbohydrates containing a free sugar group (aldehyde or ketone) will tautomerise to form enediol

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12
Q

What happens in enediol formation

A

Two hydroxyl group are attached to the double bonded carbon atom

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13
Q

What happens in enediol formation

A

Two hydroxyl group are attached to the double bonded carbon atom

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14
Q

In mild alkaline condition, glucose is converted to what

A

Fructose and mannose

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15
Q

The inter conversion of sugars through a common enediol form is called what

A

Lobry de bruyn _van Ekenstein formation

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15
Q

The inter conversion of sugars through a common enediol form is called what

A

Lobry de bruyn _van Ekenstein formation

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16
Q

Sugars are powerful reducing agents in what medium

A

Alkaline medium

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17
Q

When oxidizing agents like cupric ions are present sugar forms what

A

A mixture of carboxylic acids by breaking at the double bond

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18
Q

Use of Benedict’s reagent

A

To test for the presence of glucose in urine . I.e diagnosing diabetes mellitus

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19
Q

What does Benedict’s reagent contain

A

It contains sodium cirate
Sodium carbonate
Copper sulphate

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20
Q

What happens to sugar in alkaline medium

A

Enediol are formed

Cupric ion is reduced

Sugar is oxidized

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21
Q

What are reducing sugars

A

They are sugars with free aldehyde or ketone group e.g glucose, fructose

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22
Q

Osazone formation

A

All reducing sugars will react with excess of phenylhydrazine at boiling temperature

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23
Q

Uses of osazone

A

Used to differentiate sugars in urine and other biological fluid

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24
Q

Physical form of osazone

A

They are needle_shaped crystal like

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25
Q

The difference in glucose fructose and mannose are dependent on what

A

The first and second carbon atom

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26
Q

Furfural derivatives

A

Monosaccharides when treated with concentrated sulphuric acid undergo dehydration with the removal of 3 molecules of water

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27
Q

Hexoses plus concentrated sulphuric acid

A

Hydroxylmethyl furfural

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28
Q

Pentose+ con sulphuric acid

A

It gives furfural

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29
Q

Furfural derivatives can condense with phenolic compounds to give what

A

Colored products, this forms the basis of Molisch test

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30
Q

Glucose iss reduced to what with reducing agents

A

Sorbitol

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31
Q

Mannose is reduced to what

A

Mannitol

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32
Q

Fructose is reduced to what

A

Sorbitol and mannitol

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33
Q

Galactose is reduced to
What

A

Dulcito

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34
Q

Ribose is reduced to what

A

Ribitol

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35
Q

What is a glycoside

A

When the hemi acetal group( the hydroxyl group of an anime tic

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36
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Compounds having the same structural formula but different spatial configuration

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37
Q

Asymmetrical carbon atom

A

It means that 4 different groups are attached to the carbon atom

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38
Q

Glyceraldehyde/glycerose has how many assymetric carbon

A

Have a single assymetric carbon

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39
Q

The number of possible stereoisomers depends on what

A

The number of assymetrical carbon atoms

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40
Q

Optical activity

A

The presence of assymetric carbon atom

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41
Q

When a beam of polarized light is passed through a carbon atom

A

It would rotate the light either to the left or right

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42
Q

D glucose is what

A

Deoxyrotatory

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43
Q

D fructose

A

Levorotatory

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44
Q

D and L isomerism of glucose

A

With respect to the penultimate carbon atom :C5, as in glucose, the configuration of OH and H groups is changed and two mirror images are formed

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45
Q

Diasteroisomers of glucose

A

Configurations changes with regard to C2, C3 and C4 will produce 8 different monosaccharides , though only 3 are found in the body

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46
Q

D glucose is also called

A

Dextrose

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47
Q

Galactose is a constituent of

A

Lactose(milk sugar ) and glycoproteins

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48
Q

Galactose is epimerized to what

A

Glucose in the liver and then utilized as fuel

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49
Q

Mannose is a consistent of what

A

Many glycoproteins
It was isolated from plant mammals, hence its name

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50
Q

What are diastomers

A

Are non mirror images , non identical isomers

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51
Q

Epimers

A

When sugar are different from one another , only in configuration with regard to a single carbon atom, other than the reference carbon atom

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52
Q

Glucose and mannose are epimers

A

With respect to carbon 2

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53
Q

Galactose and glucose are epimers with regards to

A

Carbon 4

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54
Q

Galactose and mannose are what

A

Diassteroisomers

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55
Q

Mutorotation

A

Change in rotation with time

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56
Q

What causes mutorotation

A

The fact that D glucose has 2 anomers, alpha and beta derivatives

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57
Q

Oxidation of sugars

A

Under mild oxidation conditions(hypobromus acid) , aldehyde group is oxidized to carboxyl group to form aldonic acid

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58
Q

When aldehyde group is protected and the molecule is oxidized

A

The last carbon becomes COOH group to produce uronic acid

59
Q

Functions of glucuronic acids

A

It is used by the body in conjugation with insoluble molecules to make them soluble in water for detoxification purposes
Also for synthesis of Herero polysaccharides

60
Q

Under strong oxidation conditions ( nitric acid + heat)

A

The first and last carbon atoms are oxidized to form dicarboxylic acid

61
Q

Another name for dicarboxylic acid is

A

Saccharin acids

62
Q

Furfural derivatives

A

Monosaccharides when treated with concentrated sulphuric acid undergo dehydration with the removal of 3 molecules of water

63
Q

Reaction of hydrogen with reducing agents such as sodium amalgam

A

Reduces sugar

64
Q

Reduction of aldose and ketose

A

Aldose yields corresponding alcohol
Ketose forms 2 alcohol because of appearance of a new assymetric carbon atom in this process

65
Q

Glucose is reduced to

A

Sorbitol

66
Q

Mannose is reduced to

A

Mannitol

67
Q

Fructose is reduced to

A

Sorbitol and mannitol

68
Q

Galactose is reduced to

A

Dorcitol

69
Q

Functions of sorbitol mannitol and dulcitol

A

Used to identify bacteria colonies

70
Q

Mannitol

A

Is used to reduce intercranial tension by forced diuresis

71
Q

Osmotic effect of sorbitol and dulcitol produces changes where

A

In tissue when they accumulate in abnormal amounts e.g cataract of lens

72
Q

Glycoside

A

When the hemiacetal group( hydroxyl group of an anomeric carbon) of a monosaccharide is condensed with an alcohol or phenol group

73
Q

The non carbohydrate group of a glycoside

A

Aglycone

74
Q

Why do glycosides not reduce Benedict’s reagent

A

The sugar group is masked

75
Q

Anomers of carbohydrates

A

Alpha and beta varieties

76
Q

Anomers are produced by spatial configuration with reference to

A

First carbon atom in aldose
Second carbon In ketose

77
Q

An anomer

A

Is an epimer at the hemiacetal and hemiacetal carbon in a cyclic saccharide

78
Q

Specific rotation of alpha d_glucose

A

+112

79
Q

Specific rotation of beta d glucose

A

+19

80
Q

Differences between alpha and beta anomeric forms are dependent on

A

The first carbon atom only

81
Q

Glucose has how many stereoisomers

A

16, each has 2 anomers and hence there are a total of 32 isomers of glucose

82
Q

How is a glucose ring formed

A

The first carbon aldehyde is condensed with the hydroxyl group of the 5th carbon to form a ring

83
Q

The ring structure represents what

A

Hemiacetal form, which is the condensation of an aldehyde group with a hydroxyl group

84
Q

Open chain form of glucose

A

Glucose has an open in branched backbone of 6 carbon atom

85
Q

Glucose exists in biological systems has

A

A pyramided ring

86
Q

Structure of glucose

A

Beta and alpha d_ glucopyranose
Glucofuranose

87
Q

Predominant form of glucose in solution

A

Beta D glucopyranose

88
Q

Keto group in fructose

A

2nd carbon atom

89
Q

Isomers of fructose

A

It has 4 isomers
Each having a d and l form in regard to penultimate carbon atom

90
Q

Structure of fructose

A

Furs nose ring structure

91
Q

Fructose is a major constituent of what

A

Honey

92
Q

Number of diastereoisomers for aldohexoses

A

8

93
Q

Reactions of monosaccharides

A

Mutorotation
Reducing property
Osazone formation with phenylhydrazine
Enediol formation
Benedict’s reaction
Oxidation
Reduction to form alcohols
Furfural derivatives

94
Q

The interconversion of sugars through a common enediol is called

A

Lovey de bruyn van ekenstein formation

95
Q

Functions of osazone

A

May be used to differentiate sugars in biological fluids like urine

96
Q

Oxidation of sugars

A

Under mild oxidation conditions, hypobromous acid) the aldehyde group is oxidized to carboxyl group to produce aldonic acid

97
Q

When the aldehyde group is protected during oxidation

A

The last carbon becomes COOH and uldonic acid is formed

98
Q

What happens during strong oxidation conditions

A

Nitric acid + heat
The first and last carbon atoms are oxidized to di carboxylic acids known as saccharin acids

99
Q

Furfural derivatives of hexoses

A

Hydroxymethyl furfural

Pentose gives furfural

100
Q

Disaccharides

A

When 2 monosaccharides are combined together by glycosidic linkage

101
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Isomaltose
Maltose

102
Q

Sucrose

A

It is a sweetening agent known as cane sugar
It is present in sugar cane and other fruits

103
Q

Sucrose contains

A

Glucose and fructose

104
Q

Properties of sucrose

A

It is not a reducing sugar
It will not form osazone
When sucrose is hydrolyzed the products have reducing properties

105
Q

Hydrolysis of sucrose

A

Rotation of + 65 would produce one molecule of glucise(+52.5) and one molecule of fructose (92 degrees
Changing the dextrororation to levorotation

106
Q

The enzyme producing hydrolysis of sucrose

A

Sucrase or invertase

107
Q

What does honey contain

A

Invert sugar
It is sweeter than sucrose

108
Q

What produces isomaltose

A

Partial hydrolysis of glycogen and starch

109
Q

Starch is composed of what

A

Amylose and amylopectin

110
Q

Amylose

A

When starch is treated in boiling water
10_20 % is solubilized this part is amylose
It is made up of glucose units with alpha 1,4 glycosidic linkages to form an ynbranched long chain with a weight of 400,000 d or more

111
Q

Amylopectin

A

The insoluble part abosorbs water and forms paste like gel
It is highly branched
Has one million molecular weight
Branching points are mad by alpha 1,6 linkage

112
Q

Examples of heteroglycans

A

Hyaluronic acid
Chondriotin sulfate

113
Q

What type of sugar is starch

A

It is a non reducing sugar

114
Q

Starch’s reaction with iodine

A

It would form a blue colored complex

115
Q

When starch is hydrolyzed by mild acid

A

Amylodextrin is formed( it gives a violet color)

116
Q

Further hydrolysis produces

A

Erythrodextrin

117
Q

Erythrodextrin is what color

A

Red

118
Q

End product of starch hydrolysis

A

Maltodextrins
Glucose
Fructose
Maltose

119
Q

Action of amylases on starch

A

Alpha _maltose

120
Q

Beta amylase are of plant origin

A

Yes

121
Q

Beta amylase split starch to form what

A

Beta maltose

122
Q

The action of beta amylase stops at branching points , leaving a large molecule called

A

Limit dextrin or residual dextrin

123
Q

What Is the reserve carbohydrate in animals

A

Glycogen

124
Q

Glycogen is stored where

A

In liver and muscle

125
Q

Glycogen is composed of glucose molecules joined by

A

Alpha 1,4 links in straight chains
And alpha 1,6 links at the branching points

126
Q

Glycogen contains a primer protein called

A

Glycogenin

127
Q

Difference between glycogen and amylopectin

A

Glycogen is more branched and compact

128
Q

Supporting tissues of plant

A

Cellulose

129
Q

Cellulose link

A

It is made of glucose units combined with beta 1,4 glycosidic linkages

130
Q

Enzymes in cellulose

A

Cellulose has only straight chains

It’s bridges are hydrolyzed by the enzyme Cellobiase

131
Q

Inulin

A

It is a long chain homoglycan composed of D fructose units with repeating beta 1,2 linkages.

132
Q

Where is inulin found

A

It is found in various bulbs and tubers

133
Q

Functions of inulin

A

It is used to find renal clearance value and glomerular filtration rate

134
Q

Dextrans

A

Are highly branched homopolymers of glucose units with 1_6 , 1-4, and 1_3, linkages

135
Q

What produces dextrans

A

Microorganisms

136
Q

Uses of dextrans

A

For intravenous infusion
Used to treat hypervolemic shock

137
Q

Chitin

A

It is present in exoskeleton of Crustacea and insects

138
Q

Chitin is composed of units of

A

N acetyl_ glucosamine with beta 1,4 glycosidic linkages

139
Q

Heteroglycans

A

Agar and Aagarose
Mucopolysaccharides
Glycoproteins and mucoproteins

140
Q

Agar is prepared from

A

Sea weeds

141
Q

Agar contains

A

Galactose, glucose and other sugars

142
Q

When agar dissolves in water at 100

A

It sets into gek

143
Q

Mucopolysaccharides are also called

A

Glycosaminoglycans

144
Q

Constituents of mucopolysaccharides

A

Uronic acid and amino sugars

145
Q

Examples of mucopolysaccharides

A

Hyaluronic acid
Heparin
Chondriotin sulphate
Keratan sulphate
Dermatan sulphate

146
Q

Heparin activates what

A

Thrombomin 3

Chemistry Of Lipids (2 decks)

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