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Chemistry Of Lipids > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are lipids

A

Are compounds insoluble in water but soluble in non_polar organic solvents like chloroform, benzene,ether, hot alcohol

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2
Q

What are derived lipids

A

They are compounds which are derived from lipids or precursors of lipids e.g fatty acids, steroids

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3
Q

Functions of lipids

A

Storage form of energy
Acts as electrical insulator
Act as surfactant, detergent, emulsifying agent
Gives the body shape and contour
Helps to absorb fat soluble vitamins
Structural components of membranes
Improves taste and pal stability of food
Improves insulation against changes in external temperature

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4
Q

What are fatty acids

A

It is a group of derived protein
Fatty acids are aliphatic carboxylic acids and have the general formula R_CO_OH

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5
Q

What’s the functional group of fatty acids

A

_COOH

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6
Q

What is the r group of fatty acid

A

It is the hydrocarbon group
It determines its physical properties

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7
Q

General formulae of saturated fatty acid

A

CH3_(CH2)n_COOH

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8
Q

Examples of saturated fatty acid

A

Acetic acid
Butyric acid
Palmitic acid
Stearic acid

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9
Q

Formula for acetic acid

A

CH3_COOH

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10
Q

Butyric acid

A

CH3_(CH2)2_COOH

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11
Q

Palmitic acid

A

CH3-(CH2)14_COOH

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12
Q

Stearic acid

A

CH3_(CH2)16_COOH

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13
Q

Classifications of fatty acids

A

Based on total number of carbon atoms
Even chains
Odd chains

Depending on lenght of hydrocarbon chain
Short chain ( two to 6 carbon atoms)
Medium chain (8 to 14 carbon atoms)
Long chain carbon atoms (16 to 24)

Depending on nature of hydrocarbon
Saturated
Unsaturated which is divided into mono saturated or poly unsaturated

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14
Q

Where are odd numbers fatty acid found

A

In milk
In microbial cell walls

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15
Q

Importance of acetic and butyric acid

A

Are important metabolic intermediates

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16
Q

Components of body fat

A

50% oleic
25% palmitic acid
10% linoleic acid
5% stearic acid

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17
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Are named by adding the suffix enoic after the systematic name

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18
Q

When are trans fatty acids formed

A

In the body during metabolism

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19
Q

Cis configuration

A

All naturally occurring fatty acids have the cis configuration
Pufa exist in cis configuration in naturally occurring lipids

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20
Q

Omega 3 family is what

A

Linolenic acid

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21
Q

Omega 6 family is what

A

Linoleic and arachidonic acid

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22
Q

Omega 9 family is what

A

Oleic acid

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23
Q

Arachidonic acids are precursors of what

A

Prostaglandins

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24
Q

Can arachidonic acid be synthesized in the body

A

Yes it can be synthesized, if essential fatty acid are supplied in the diet

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25
Q

Where is pentaenoic acid gotten

A

From fish oil

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26
Q

What are ecosanoid

A

They are derived from 20 carbon arachidonic acid

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27
Q

Another name for compound lipid is what

A

Heterolipid

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28
Q

What is the most common component of lipid in the body

A

Fatty acids

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29
Q

When is fatty acid formed freely in the body

A

During metabolism

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30
Q

Suffix of the common saturated fatty acids

A

Anoic

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31
Q

Examples of simple lipid

A

Triglycerides, triglycerol or neutral fat
Wax

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32
Q

Examples of compound lipids

A

A. Phospholipids containing phosphoric acid

  1. Nitrogen containing glycerophosphatides
  2. Non nitrogen glycerophosphatides
  3. Plasmlogens: having long chain alcohol
    4.phosphosphingosine with sphingosine

B. Non phosphorylated lipid
Glycosphingolipid (carbohydrates)
Sulpholipids or sulphatides

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33
Q

Examples of derived lipids

A

Fatty acids
Steroids
Prostaglandin
Leukotrienes
Terpenes
Dolichols

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34
Q

Examples of lipid complex to other compounds

A

Proteolipids
Lipoprotein

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35
Q

Suffix of unsaturated fatty acids

A

Enoic

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36
Q

Another name for polyenoic fatty acid is

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

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37
Q

Trans fatty acid sources

A

Are found in diary products and in hydrogenating edible oil

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38
Q

Use of trans fatty acid

A

Although they are considered injurious to health, they are used in food industry to increase the shelf life of the fried food

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39
Q

Relationship between pufa and trans fatty acid

A

Oils containing pufa have high content of tfa

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40
Q

Adverse effects of tfa

A

Effect on plasma lipids and lipoprotein
Causes systemic inflammation
Endothelial dysfunction
Insulin resistance
Diabetes and adiposity

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41
Q

Properties of fatty acids

A

Hydrogenation
Halogenation
Melting point
Salt formation
Ester formation
Oxidation of fatty acids

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42
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids can be converted to the corresponding saturated fatty acid by

A

Hydrogenation of the double bonds

Linolenic _ linoleic_ oleic_ stearic
+2H. +2H. +2H

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43
Q

Hydrogenation of oils leads to what

A

Solidification and saturation e.g vanaspathi

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44
Q

Halogenations

A

When treated with halogens under mild conditions, unsaturated fatty acids can take up two halogen atoms at each double bond to form the halogenated derivative of the fatty acid
E.g oleic acid + I2 =. Di _iodo oleic acid

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45
Q

The number of halogens taken up depends on what

A

Number of double bonds

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46
Q

The short and medium chain fatty acids are what

A

They are liquids

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47
Q

Long fatty acids are what

A

Are solids at 25 degrees

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48
Q

Relationship between solubility and lenght chain

A

Solubility in water decreases with increased lenght chain

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49
Q

Relationship between melting and boiling point with increasing chain lenght

A

Melting and boiling points increases with increasing lenght chain

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50
Q

Melting point of unsaturated fatty acid

A

Unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting point compared to saturated fatty acid of the same chain lenght

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51
Q

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids form salt with what

A

Alkali

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52
Q

What are soaps

A

Soaps are sodium and potassium salts of long chain fatty acid

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53
Q

Which soaps are insoluble

A

Soaps of magnesium and calcium

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54
Q

Which soap is used in grease

A

Calcium soap

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55
Q

What are used as detergents

A

Alkyl sulphate and alkyl sulphonate , they are not precipitated by hard water

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56
Q

Ester formation

A

Both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids form esters with alcohols especially glycerol

57
Q

Glycerol + fatty acid gives what

A

Mono acyl glycerol

58
Q

Mono glycerol + fatty acid gives what

A

Di acyl glycerol

59
Q

Oxidation of fatty acid

A

Both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids undergo oxidation to give energy

60
Q

How are acids oxidized

A

Through beta oxidation

61
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids can undergo which type of oxidation

A

Auto oxidation ,due to its double bond

62
Q

Triglycerides

A

They are esters of fatty acid with the trihydric alcohol, glycerol

63
Q

Simple triglycerol

A

When the 3 hydroxyl group of the glycerol is esterified to the same fatty acid

64
Q

Examples of simple triglycerol

A

Tripalmitin
Triolein

65
Q

Mixed triglycerol

A

When different fatty acids are esterified to the hydroxyl group of fatty acids . Generally 2 hydroxyl groups is esterified to similar fatty acid and the third one to a different one

66
Q

Pufa is esterified to which carbon atom

A

The second or beta carbon atom

67
Q

Physical properties of triglycerol

A

Oils are liquid at 20 degrees
Fats are solids at room temperature
They are hydrophobic and insoluble in water

68
Q

When is hard fatty acid formed

A

It is formed when fatty acids have a longer chain lenght and are predominantly saturated e.g pig fat

69
Q

When is soft fatty acid formed

A

They are fatty acids of medium chain triglycerides and are predominantly unsaturated e. g butter and coconut oil

70
Q

Oils

A

They contain short chain triglycerides and are unsaturated . They are of plant origin

71
Q

Fats

A

They contain mainly saturated long chain triglycerides

72
Q

Why’s triglycerides a good storage form of energy

A

When stored as triglycerides water is repelled and space requirement is minimal, as excessive fat in the body causes obesity

73
Q

When does hydrolysis of triacylglycerol occur

A

Digestion of dietary fat
Mobilization of triglycerol from adipose tissue

74
Q

Triglycerides are hydrolysed by what enzymes

A

Lipase, which are class 3 enzymes(hydrolases)

75
Q

Tri acyl glycerol is hydrolyzed to what

A

Diacyl glycerol
Mono acyl glycerol
And finally glycerol plus 3 fatty acids

76
Q

What is saponification

A

Process where triglycerides are hydrolized by alkali

77
Q

Products of saponification

A

Soaps and glycerol

78
Q

Saponification number

A

It is the number of milligram of potassium hydroxide needed to saponify one gram of fat

79
Q

Saponification number is an indication of what

A

Molecular weight of fat , and is inversely proportional to it

80
Q

Saponification number of human fat

A

194 -198

81
Q

Saponification number of butter

A

210_230

82
Q

Saponification number of coconut oil

A

253_262

83
Q

What is iodine number

A

It is the number of grams of iodine taken up by 100grams of fat

84
Q

What are phospholipids

A

They contain fatty acid, glycerol with a nitrogenous base

85
Q

What is the simplest phospholipid

A

Phosphatidates

86
Q

What are phosphatidates

A

They are the derivatives of phosphatidic acid

87
Q

Composition of phosphatidic acid

A

It is made up of one glycerol with 2 fatty acids residue esterified to carbon atom one and two. The third hydroxyl group is esterified to phosphoric acid

88
Q

What type of isomerism does phosphatidates exhibit

A

Optical isomerism,because l_isomer is found in nature

89
Q

Why are phospholipids amphipatic

A

They have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portion in their molecule
The glycerol, phosphatic acid and choline constitute the polar head of a phospholipid molecule .
Whereas the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acid. Constitute the non carbon chain

90
Q

Explain micellar formation

A

When phospholipids are dispersed in water, it’s non polar hydrophobic tail keeps away from water forming a molecular aggregate called micelle

91
Q

Types of liposome

A

Unilamellar
Multilamellar liposome

92
Q

What are liposomes

A

A lipid bilayer can close up on itself under appropriate conditions, it is prepared by sonication of mixture of phospholipids and cholesterol
It is a spherical structure

93
Q

Applications of liposomes

A

In cancer
Chemotherapy
Microbial therapy
Gene therapy
Vaccines
Diagnostic imaging

94
Q

Waxes

A

They form the secretions of insects, leaves and fruits of plants e.g lanolin or wool fat beeswax, whale sperm oil e.t.c

95
Q

What are waxes

A

Waxes are esters of higher fatty acids with higher monohydroxy aliphatic alcohols and so have very long straight chains of 60 to 100 carbon atoms.

96
Q

What are phospholipase

A

They are enzymes that hydrolyzes phospholipids

97
Q

Lecithin when acted upon by phospholipase A2 gives what

A

Lysolecithin + fatty acids

98
Q

What does phospholipase A2 do to lecithin

A

It hydrolyzes the fatty acid esterified to the beta / second carbon atom

99
Q

Functions of lysolecithin

A

It is a detergent and hemolytic agent

100
Q

Where is phospholipase A2 found

A

In the venom of viper snakes

101
Q

Cholesterol is derived from what Greek words

A

Chole meaning bile
Steros meaning solid
Ol meaning alcohol

102
Q

What cells can synthesize cholesterol

A

Almost all nucleated cells

103
Q

Quantity of cholesterol in a 70kg Man

A

140 gram

104
Q

Color of cholesterol

A

It is a light yellow crystalline solid, when examined under the microscope they have a notched appearance

105
Q

What is cholesterol soluble in

A

Chloroform and other fat solvents

106
Q

Most important animal steroid

A

Cholesterol

107
Q

What organism is cholesterol found in

A

It is widely distributed in animal tissues
It is absent in prokaryotes, it is absent in plants(plants sterols are present instead)

108
Q

In plants and bacteria , compounds similar to steroids are called

A

Hopanoids

109
Q

Cholesterol was first isolated from

A

Bile stones by salle

110
Q

Clinical significance of cholesterol

A

Atherosclerosis
Myocardial infarction
CVS accidents
Heart attacks

111
Q

Structure of cholesterol

A

All steroids have cyclopentanoperhydro phenanthrene ring system

112
Q

Describe the ring system of cholesterol

A

It is a fused ring system made of 3 cyclohexane ring A,B and C
And one cyclopentane ring D.
The 6 membered ring are in a phenanthrene arrangement

113
Q

Carbon atom present in cholesterol

A

It has 27 carbon atoms

114
Q

Hydroxyl group in cholesterol

A

It is at the third position

115
Q

Orientation of oH group

A

It is beta oriented
Projecting above the plane of the ring

116
Q

Double bond in cholesterol

A

Between C5 and C6 atoms

117
Q

The 8th carbon side chain is beta oriented to

A

The 17th carbon atom

118
Q

Isomers of cholesterol

A

Cholestanol (hydrogen atom is alpha oriented)
Coprostanol( hydrogen atom is beta oriented)

119
Q

Beta orientation and alpha orientation

A

Beta; Always projects above the plane of the ring, is denoted by a straight line
While alpha projects below the plane, always denoted by a dotted line

120
Q

Absorption of cholesterol

A

Cholesterol ester in the diet is hydrolyzed to cholesterol esterase. The free cholesterol is incorporated into bile salt Michelle Abe absorbed into the mucosal cell.

121
Q

Functions of cholesterol

A

Cell membrane
Nerve conduction
Bile acids and bile salts
Steroid hormones
Vitamin D
Esterification

122
Q

Excretion of cholesterol

A

It is excreted through bile

123
Q

Liver and cholesterol

A

Liver synthesizes cholesterol
Liver removes cholesterol from lipoprotein remnants
Liver is the only organ that can excrete cholesterol through bile
Liver converts cholesterol to bile acids

124
Q

Total plasma lipid

A

400 to 600 mg/do
40% is cholesterol
30% is phospholipids
20% is triacylglyceride

125
Q

Since lipids are insoluble they combine with what in plasma

A

Carriers

126
Q

Lipids are complexed with proteins to form

A

Lipoprotein

127
Q

The protein part of lipoprotein is

A

Apo lipoprotein

128
Q

Classifications of lipoprotein

A

Chlyomicrons
Very low density lipoprotein
Intermediate density lipoprotein
Low density lipoprotein
High density lipoprotein
Free fatty acids

129
Q

Apo lipoproteins are synthesized where

A

In the liver
Small quantities are synthesized in liver

130
Q

Functions of chlyomicrons

A

They are the transport form of dietary triglycerides, from intestine to the adipose tissue for storage
And to muscle or heart for their energy needs

131
Q

Functions of vldl

A

Transports triglycerides from liver to peripheral tissues for energy needs

132
Q

Functions of hdl

A

Transports cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver

133
Q

Free fatty acids is also known as

A

Non esterified fatty acid(NEFA)

134
Q

Free fatty acid is complexed with what

A

Albumin in plasma

135
Q

Functions of bile salt

A

They facilitate the digestion of lipids
They can form molecular aggregates called mucelle

136
Q

Largest gland in the body

A

Liver

137
Q

Lipidime

A

Total lipids in the organism

138
Q

Lipidomics

A

Study of structure of all members of lipidome, in both health and in diseases

Chemistry Of Lipids (2 decks)

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