Chemistry objectives

Question 1

Increased BUN with adequate USG

Answer 1

pre-renal azotemia

decreased GFR

Question 2

Increased BUN and inadequate USG

Answer 2

Primary renal dz

Question 3

BUN will only elevate after ___ kidney damage

Answer 3

75%

Question 4

Minor elevation of BUN

Answer 4

high protein diet

GI hemorrhage

Question 5

Minor decreases in BUN

Answer 5

Liver disease
Portosystemic shunt
Diuresis- increased GFR

Question 6

Increased ALT

Answer 6

Cell injury of hepatocytes

severe muscle injury

Question 7

increased AST

Answer 7

Cell injury of hepatocytes

In liver and muscle

Question 8

Increased SDH

Answer 8

hepatocellular injury

Question 9

Increased GGT

Answer 9

Cholestasis

Question 10

Increased ALP

Answer 10

cholestasis

not liver specific- liver = hALP, bone = bALP, placenta, kidney and leukocytes, corticosteroids in dogs (cALP)

Question 11

Bilirubin production

Answer 11

phagocytosis of RBCs

Question 12

Unconjugated bilirubin

Answer 12

pre-hepatic- hemolysis

Question 13

Conjugated

Answer 13

post hepatic

Question 14

Urine bilirubin

Answer 14

Only conjugated

cholestasis

Question 15

Decreased function mass of the liver indicators

Answer 15

decreased BUN in comparison to creatinine 
decreased albumin 
increased globulins 
decreased glucose 
hypocholesterolemia 
increased unconjugated bilirubin 
decreased coag factors 
Microcytosis 
poikiocytes, codocytes, acanthocytes
Ammonium biurate crystals 
polyuria and not concetrations USG

Question 16

Hyperamylasemia

Answer 16

3 x increase

pancreatitis

Question 17

Hyperlipasemia

Answer 17

3x
pancreatitis
dexamethasone administration

Question 18

Hypocalcemia

Answer 18

precipitation in fat necrosis

increased glucagon increasing calcitonin

Question 19

Hyperglycemia

Answer 19

glucocorticoids
epinephrine
glucagon release
hypoinsulinemia

Question 20

Hypertricyceride

Answer 20

pancreas

Question 21

Hypercholesterol

Answer 21

pancreas

Question 22

Urine glucose threshold

Answer 22

180 in dogs

28 in cats

Question 23

Ketone bodies

Answer 23

betahydroxybutyrate
acetone
acetoacetate- picked up on the dipstick

Question 24

Albumin

Answer 24

major unmeasured anion in acid-base balance

major colloidal osmotic pressure

Question 25

Hyperglobulinemia

Answer 25

``` decreased anion gap PLN Vaccines Chronic antigenic stimulation Multiple myeloma Lymphoma Liver failure ```

Question 26

Hyperfibrinogenemia

Answer 26

inflammation or dehydration

Question 27

Hypofibrinogenemia

Answer 27

DIC severe liver failure artifact from clotted blood

Question 28

PP:Fib

Answer 28

greater than 15 is dehydration | less than 10 is inflammation

Question 29

Secretional metabolic acidosis

Answer 29

Bicarb loss Cl increased relative to Na Potassium (K) increased because of transcellular shift with H Normal AG

Question 30

Titrational metabolic acidosis

Answer 30

``` Organic acid release Decreased bicarb Cl increased relative to N Increased K Increased AG ```

Question 31

Unmeasured acids

Answer 31

``` Uremic lactate ketoacids ethylene glycol salicylate intoxication ```

Question 32

Simple metabolic acidosis

Answer 32

HCl loss (vomiting) Decreased K Increased bicarb Normal AG

Question 33

Mixed metabolic alkalosis and titrational metabolic acidosis

Answer 33

High AG Vomiting w/ ehydration Renal azotemia

Question 34

Bilirubinuria

Answer 34

``` liver disease bile duct obstruction stravation hemolysis pyrexia ```

Question 35

Occult blood

Answer 35

hematuria, hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria

Question 36

Glucosuria

Answer 36

``` Tubular resportive defect diabetes hyperadrenocorticism hyperpituitarism acromegaly ```

Question 37

Acidic urine

Answer 37

bacterial metabolism of glucose and production of ammonia | Crystals (uric acid, cystine and calcium oxalate)

Question 38

Alkaline urine

Answer 38

``` Struvite calcium carbonate calcium phosphate ammonium biurate amorphous phosphate crystals ```

Question 39

Protienuria

Answer 39

hemorrhage infection intravascular hemolysis renal dz

Question 40

Calcium in urine

Answer 40

``` Multiple myeloma LSA anal sac adenocarcinoma Primary hyperparathyroidism Vitamin D toxicity Addisions Idiopathic Granulomatous infections ( blasto and histo) ```

Question 41

UPC ratio

Answer 41

Healthy <0.5 | Glomerular dz > 2