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chem > chemistry module 4 definitions > Flashcards

chemistry module 4 definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

aliphatic

A

a hydrocarbon where all carbon and hydrogens are contained in either branched chains, unbranched chains or non-aromatic rings

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2
Q

alicyclic

A

an aliphatic compound arraged in non-aromatic rings

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3
Q

alkyl

A

a group with the general formula CnH2n+1

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4
Q

dipole

A

a partial charge created by differences in electronegativity between two covalently bonded atoms

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5
Q

curly arrow

A

shows the movement of electrons & has to start from

-lone pair
-bond
-negative charge

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6
Q

empirical formula

A

the simplest whole number ratio of each element present in a compound

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7
Q

displayed formula

A

the relative positions of atoms and the bonds between them

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8
Q

general formula

A

the simplest algebraic formula for a member of a homologus series

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9
Q

homologus series

A

a series of organic compounds containing the same functional group with each member successive by ch2

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10
Q

heterolytic fission

A

when a covalent bond breaks, one bonding pair of electrons receives both electrons from the bonded pair

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11
Q

homolytic fission

A

when a covalent bond breaks, each bonding pair of electrons receives one electron from the bonded pair

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12
Q

nomenclature

A

the naming system for compounds

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13
Q

radical

A

species with an unpaired electron

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14
Q

reaction mechanism

A

a series of steps that represent the reaction by showing the breaking and forming of bonds using curly arrows

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15
Q

structural isomers

A

same molecular formula but different structural formula

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16
Q

structural formula

A

the minimal detail that shows the detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

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17
Q

bond enthalpy

A

the energy required to break down 1 mol of gaseous atoms

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18
Q

london forces

A

induced dipole-dipole forces that caused by the random movement of electrons

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19
Q

polar bond

A

when a large disparity in electronegativity makes it so that the bonded pair of electrons are held closer to the more electronegative element. there is a permanent dipole

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20
Q

initiation

A

first step in free radical substitution mechanism where free radicals are created from UV

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21
Q

termination

A

last step in free radical substitution wherein 2 radicals react to create a species with only paired electrons

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22
Q

propagation

A

intermediate step in free radical sub in which the free radical reacts with another species

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23
Q

sigma bond

A

single bond, formed by the overlapping of the s-orbitals head-on and these can rotate freely

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24
Q

pi bond

A

a type of covalent bond formed where adjacent p orbitals overlap sideways above and below the bond
ing atoms

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25
Q

addition reaction

A

a reaction where molecules combine to form a single product

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26
Q

addition polymerisation

A

the formation of long chain molecules when many monomers join together

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27
Q

bond enthalpy

A

the energy required to break one mole of gaseous bonds. Actual bond
enthalpies may differ from the average as the average bond enthalpy considers a particular
bond in a range of molecules.

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28
Q

e isomer

A

when highest priority groups are on the opposite sides of the double bond (entengen)

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29
Q

z isomer

A

when the highest priority group is on the same end of the double bond

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30
Q

catalyst

A

speed up rate of reaction without being used up

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31
Q

cis isomer

A

highest priority groups on the same side of the double bond

32
Q

trans isomer

A

highest priority group on opposite sides of the double bond

33
Q

covalent bond

A

strong bond formed by the strong electrostatic attraction between the shared pair of electrons and the positive nuclei

34
Q

markovnikov’s rule

A

the halogen attaches to the carbon that is attached to more carbons

35
Q

photodegradeable

A

can be broken down by light

36
Q

primary carbocation

A

a molecule where the positive carbon is only attached to one alkyl group

37
Q

secondary carbocation

A

a molecule where the positive carbon is attached to two alkyl groups

38
Q

tertiary carbocation

A

a molecule where the positive carbon is attached to three alkyl groups. most stable

39
Q

stereiosomer

A

same strctural and molecular formula but have a different arrangement of atoms in space

40
Q

primary alcohol

A

an alcohol in which the OH is attached to a primary carbon atom (i.e.
RCH2OH). Primary alcohols can be oxidised to form either an aldehyde or a carboxylic acid,
depending on the conditions.

41
Q

secondary alcohol

A

an alcohol in which the OH is attached to a secondary carbon atom. secondary alcohols can be oxidised to form a ketone under reflux

42
Q

tertiary alcohol

A

an alcohol in which the OH is attached to a tertiary carbon atom (i.e.
R3COH). Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidised.

43
Q

bond enthalpy

A

the energy required to break one mole of gaseous bonds. The bond
enthalpy of the carbon halogen bond in haloalkanes decreases from C-F to C-I.

44
Q

CFCs

A

a class of compound made up of carbon, fluorine and chlorine, used as refrigerants
and aerosol propellants. CFCs can be broken down by UV light in the upper atmosphere to
form chlorine radicals which catalyse the breakdown of ozone. in air cons and bad for environment

45
Q

hydrolysis

A

the breakdown of a compound as a result of a reaction with water. The rate of
haloalkane hydrolysis for different carbon-halogen bonds can be determined via a reaction
with water in the presence of AgNO3
and ethanol

46
Q

nucelophilic substitution

A

a reaction in which an electron pair donor attacks an
electrophilic atom (an atom with a partial or full positive charge) to replace an atom / group of
atoms.

47
Q

electrophile

A

electron pair acceptor

47
Q

nucleophile

A

electron pair donor

48
Q

ozone

A

a molecule with the formula O3
, which absorbs UV light in the atmosphere. The
breakdown of ozone can be catalysed by chlorine radicals as well as other radicals such as
*NO.

49
Q

breakdown and reform of ozone in the stratosphere naturally equ

A

BREAKDOWN

REFORM

O(FR)+O2 —> O£

50
Q

breakdown and reform of ozone in the stratosphere naturally def

A

ozone breaks down into oxygen free radicals but then that reacts with the oxygen in the stratosphere in order to reform back into O3 or ozone and in doing this it absorbs UV radiation. therefore conc of ozone and oxygen in the stratosphere should remain roughly constant

51
Q

what do cfcs do to make it worse

A

cfcs= chlorofluorocarbons and these are haloalkanes

-relatively stable due to high bond enthalpy of halogen to carbon bonds
-relatively non toxic
-however the travel up into the stratosphere and causes a carbon to chlorine bond to break as it reacts with the UV

THIS IS CALLED PHOTODISSOSCIATION

52
Q

steps in cfcs working: initiation

A

CFCL3 —>CFCL2’ +CL’

(‘= free radical)

53
Q

steps in cfcs working: propagation step 1

A

CL’+ O3 —-> CLO’ +O2

CLO’ which is chlorine monoxide is a highly reactive free radical

54
Q

steps in cfcs working: propagation step 2

A

CLO’+O —–> CL’ + O2

this means that the chlorine radical seen in p1 can go on back and destroy many ozone molecules as it’s essentially a catalyst

55
Q

what else can ozone be destroyed by

A

nitrogen oxide radicals that come from lightning and from aircraft

56
Q

propagation step 1 NO fr

A

NO’ + O3 —-> NO2’ + O2

57
Q

propagation step 2 NO fr

A

NO2’ + O —-> NO’ +O2

NO free radical reproduced so reaction can continue on

58
Q

anhydrous salt

A

a salt such as MgSO4
or CaCl2
which is used to remove traces of water
from an organic solution.

59
Q

distillation

A

a technique in which a liquid is heated then the vapour is cooled and collected in
a separate flask to the reaction mixture. During distillation, the condenser must be positioned
horizontally.

60
Q

QuickFit apparatus

A

glassware that easily fits together in a variety of arrangements

61
Q

redistillation

A

a technique used to purify an organic liquid using multiple distillations

62
Q

reflux

A

the continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture. This is to ensure that the
reaction goes to completion. During reflux, the condenser must be positioned vertically

63
Q

separating funnel

A

a piece of apparatus that is used to purify an organic liquid by removing
the organic layer from an aqueous layer

64
Q

synthetic route

A

a series of steps that are followed to make a specific compound

65
Q

elemental analysis

A

a sample is analysed to determine the proportion of elements that
make up the compound present. This is done by converting a known amount of an unknown
sample into simple known compounds

66
Q

fragmentation

A

during mass spectrometry, unstable molecular ions break down into smaller
fragments

67
Q

fragment ions

A

smaller ions formed when an unstable molecular ion breaks down during
mass spectrometry

68
Q

infrared radiation

A

a type of electromagnetic radiation that is absorbed by covalent bonds,
causing them to vibrate at a specific frequency

69
Q

infrared spectroscopy

A

a technique used to identify particular bonds and functional groups
within a molecule. This technique has been used to link global warming with increased
energy usage as atmospheric gases containing C=O, O-H and C-H bonds (such as CO2
, H2O
and CH4
) show distinct peaks on IR spectra. IR spectroscopy is used to monitor gases
causing air pollution (CO and NO from car emissions) and to measure alcohol in the breath in
modern breathalysers

70
Q

M+1 Peak

A

a small peak on a mass spectrum caused by the presence of a small proportion
of carbon-13.

71
Q

m/z ratio

A

the mass to charge ratio on a mass spectrum. This is equivalent to the mass of an ion

72
Q

mass spectroscopy

A

a technique used to identify compounds and determine relative
molecular mass

73
Q

molecular ion peak

A

the peak on a mass spectrum with the highest m/z value, used to
determine molecular mass of a compound

74
Q

molecular mass

A

the total number of atoms of each element in the compound

chem (7 decks)

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