Chemistry In Society Flashcards
How to increase rate of reaction
Decrease particle size, increase temperature, increase concentration of acid
How to decrease rate of reaction
Increase particle size, decrease temperature, decrease concentration of acid
What are the pros of increasing/decreasing rate of reaction
Increase- it happens quicker so more profit
Decrease- increases safety as it reduces the risk of thermal explosion
What happens in the Ostwald Process
4NH(3) g+ 5O(2) g ➡️ 4NO g + 6H(2)O g
Occurs at 900C
~96% conversion of ammonia
Highly Exothermic
Temperature rise can be dangerous as it can damage the platinum-rhodium catalyst
What is collision theory
It’s how the reactants are brought together and collide with each other
What is the link between temperature and kinetic energy
The temperature is the average kinetic energy so an increase in temp is an increase Ке
What are the stages of production for a new product
- Research and Development- includes selection of the most suitable rumours for production
- Lab Process - small scale- review and modify the selected route
- Pilot Plant - medium scale - reviews quality, health hazards and engineering costs
- Production Plan - Plant Design, construction, commissioning and start up
What factors must be assessed when creating a new product
Availability, sustainability and cost of feedstock Opportunities for recycling Energy requirements Marketability of by-products Product yield / atom economy
How can you reduce the cost of feedstock
If the source can be sourced locally it is useful as this can reduce cost and increase profits
How can profits be maximised through recycling
Unreacted starting materials can be fed back into the reaction to reduce cost, making it more economical
How can profit be lost when sourcing and buying feedstock
- Can cost a lot to transport the feedstock from further away
- the rarity and availability of a material can increase the cost as more rare materials cost more
- The price of things like oil and a gas fluctuate
How can profit be lost in the recycling process
It can sometimes be very expensive to see rate unreacted materials
Where can extra profit be made with energy requirements
Exothermic reactions heat up other reaction so the can be used instead to save money on energy costs
What is the industrial process designed to do
Maximise profit and minimise the effect on the environment
Why are the two ways products are produced in the chemical industry
Batch and continuous
The pros of batch production
Can produce up to 100 tonnes per annum
More versatile
Good for multi step reactions
The cons of batch production
Contamination is more likely
At times no product is produced
Safety is more of an issue
The pros of continuous production
Can produce up to 1000 tonnes per annum
Good for fast single step process
Easy to automate
Cons of continuous production
Capital cost is high
Less flexible
Needs to run at full capacity to make profit
How does fractional distillation work
Volitle ( small particles) are at the top
Viscous (large particles) are at the top
Bitumen is left over at bottom
Gasses are Volitle
Things are split based on their boiling point
What is green chemistry
The sustainable design of chemical product and processes
Minimises the use and generation of martial chemical substance
What are the principle of design for cost
- capitol cost - fixed/variable cost
- research and development- depreciation if plant/raw materials
- plant construction - Labour/Energy bills
- buildings-land purchase or rental/overheads
- infrastructure-sales expenses/effluent waste treatment
Is a high or low Percentage yield better in a business
high percentage yield as it makes more profit
What is the statement that should be made for when 10g of calcium carbonate reacts in excess with 100cm3 of 1mol l-1 of hydrochloric acid
The molar ratio between HCl:CaCO3 is 2:1. In this reaction we have 0.1 miles of HCl and 0.1 miles of CaCO3. CaCO3 is in excess because if we have 0.1 miles of HCl we only need 0.05 miles of CaCO3
