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Chemistry for Perfusion Flashcards

1
Q

What is normal magnesium level? Where does it occur?

A

1.5-2.5 mEq/L, in cells and bones, is coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism (need to make ATP)

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2
Q

Anions are what?

A

Negative ions

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3
Q

Are myocardial cells more dependent on extracellular calcium for contraction than skeletal muscles?

A

yes, ionized Ca will influence the force of myocardial contraction

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4
Q

Cations are what?

A

position ions

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5
Q

Do colloids ionize into solutions?

A

No

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6
Q

During primary active transport how many ATP are used to move sodium out and how many K into a cell

A

1 ATP, 3 Na, 2K+

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7
Q

Extracellular fluid makes up what percentage of total body weight?

A

20%

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8
Q

How do kidneys compensate for metabolic alkalosis?

A
  1. Decrease H+ excretion
  2. Increase HCO3- excretion Diomax
  3. Decreased HCO3- formation
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9
Q

How do kidneys compensate for respiratory acidosis?

A

Maximize HCO3- retentions, excrete more H+ w diuretics

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10
Q

How do you calculate total blood volume?

A

Wt (kg) x 70 cc/kg

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11
Q

How do you treat hyperkalemia?

A
  1. Hyperventilate to increase acidosis
  2. NaHCO3 to induce metabolic alkalosis
  3. CaCl to antagonize high K+ on heart. Increase contractility
  4. Dialysis
  5. Insulin if Glucose is high
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12
Q

How do you treat metabolic acidosis?

A
  1. increase CO

2. Increase tissue perfusion

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13
Q

How do you treat respiratory alkalosis?

A

treat hypoxia

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14
Q

How does facilitate diffusion work?

A

Carrier protein needed to help substance move through membrane

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15
Q

How does kidney compensate for respiratory alkalosis?

A

decrease reabsorption of HCO3-, increase urine excretion of HCO3-

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16
Q

How does simple diffusion work?

A

molecules move from high to low gradients

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17
Q

How does the kidney compensate for metabolic acidosis?

A
  1. maximize HCO3- retention or give NaHCO3
  2. Increase HCO3 formation
  3. excreting H+ via diuretics, dialysis
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18
Q

Hypertonic solutions cause the cells to do what? Name one

A

Shrink, CPG

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19
Q

Hypomagnesium causes what?

A

Muscle weakness, neuromascular irritability, development of tachyarrythmias (torsades)

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20
Q

Hypotonic solutions cause the cells to do what? Name one

A

swell, H20

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21
Q

Intracellular fluid makes up what % of total body weight?

A

40%

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22
Q

Isotonic solutions does what to cells and name one

A

no fluid shift to cells, prevents movement of H20 across membrane barriers, crystalloid

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23
Q

Plasma osmolality measures concentrations of what ions?

A

Na, K, Cl, Urea, flucose

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24
Q

Primary active of Ca ions occurs where and how?

A

cell membrane pump Ca out of the cell into SR

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25
Q

Primary active transport of H+ occurs where and how?

A

In the gastric glands and release into stomach. Combines w/ chloride to make HCl. Excess H+ eliminated from blood into urine via renal tubules

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26
Q

Total blood volume is how much of body weight?

A

7-8%

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27
Q

What % of adult body weight does body fluid compose?

A

60%

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28
Q

What % of body water is intracellular fluid?

A

2/3 or 66%

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29
Q

WHat % of ECF does ICF make up?

A

3/4

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30
Q

What % of ECF is plasma and where is it located?

A

1/4, circulates as extracellular component of blood

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31
Q

What agent is capable of dissolving other substances?

A

Solvent

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32
Q

What are causes of metabolic acidosis?

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus - keto-acidosis
  2. Tissue ischemia- lactic acid
  3. Heavy exercise- lactic acidosis
  4. Renal failure
  5. Impaired renal H+ secretion
  6. GI loss of HCO3- diarrhea
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33
Q

What are causes of metabolic alkalosis?

A

1 .Hypokalemia

  1. Increase renal H+ secretion bt excess aldosterone or diuretics
  2. GI loss of HCl- vomiting, NG suction
  3. Increased ECF
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34
Q

What are causes of respiratory alkalosis?

A
  1. Hyperventilation-stress or pain

2. Hypoxia- pneumonia, p emboli, p edema

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35
Q

What are causes of respiratory acidsois?

A
  1. hypoventilation
  2. airways obstruction
  3. CHF
  4. COPD, emphysema, ARDS
  5. respiratory muscle paralysis
  6. pulmonary fibrosis
36
Q

What are normal total calcium and normal ionized calcium?

A

T Ca 8.5 - 10.5 mg/dl

iCa 1.13 - 1.32 mmol/L

37
Q

What are some causes of hypercalcemia?

A

Thiazide diuretics malignancy, vitamin D excess hyperparathyroid

38
Q

What are some causes of hypocalcemia?

A

Renal failure
alkalosis
hypomagnesium from decreased PTH secretions
banked blood

39
Q

What are the 3 subcompartments of extracellular fluid?

A
  1. Interstitial fluids (ISF)
  2. Plasma
  3. Transcellular fluid
40
Q

What are the causes of hyperkalemia?

A 
Renal failure
Hemolysis
Excess potassium intake -cpg
acidosis
transfusion of old blood: 21 days old 23 mEq/L vd 1 dat 7mEq/L
41
Q

What are the modes of passive transport?

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration

42
Q

What ion is mostly intracellular?

A

K
organic ions
Proteins

43
Q

What is a molar volume concentration solution?

A

Soln w/ 1 mole of solute in 1 liter soln

44
Q

What is a molarity volume concentration?

A

Mole of solute/ liters of soln

45
Q

What is a normal volume solution?

A

Soln 1 gram-equivalent weight of solute in one liter soln

46
Q

What is acidosis?

47
Q

What is active transport?

A

Chemical energy comes from cellular chemical reactions

Substances move via concentration gradients, uses ATP

48
Q

What is alkalosis?

49
Q

What is body fluid?

A

Water solution of ions and other substances

50
Q

What is Co Transport (symport)?

A

Movement of one solute from hgih to low concentration is used to move another molecule uphill from low concentration to high concentration against a gradient i.e. A glucose symporter co transport 1 glucose molecule into cell for every 2 Na ions it imports into the cell

51
Q

What is counter transport? (Antiport)

A

When 2 ions are bound to the same transport portien

  1. Na-Ca: Na moves to interior of cell as Ca moves out
  2. Na-H Na moves from proximal lumen of renal tubules ot the interior of the tubular cell as H+ moves from tubular cells to the tubule lumen
52
Q

What is filtration?

A

movement of solute and solvent through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure from an area of higher pressure to and area of lower pressure ie through capillary walls

53
Q

What is major intracellular cation? Normal range?

A

K+, 3.5-5.0 mmol/L

54
Q

What is molar weight concentration?

A

Soln that has 1 mole solute in 1000g of solvent

55
Q

What is molarity weight concentration?

A

Moles of solute/kg solvent

56
Q

What is mole fraction weight concentration?

A

Ratio of # moles of substance to the # of moles of all the substances in soln

57
Q

What is normal arterial HCO3? Venous HCO3?

A

22-28, 22-28

58
Q

What is normal arterial O2 sat? Venous O2 sat?

A

> 95; 70-75

59
Q

What is normal arterial pCO2? Venous pCO2?

A

33-45, 40-50

60
Q

What is normal arterial pH? Venous pH?

A

7.35-7.45 ; 7.27-7.39

61
Q

What is normal arterial pO2? Venous pO2?

A

8-100; 35-45

62
Q

What is normal BE?

63
Q

What is normal plasma osmolarity?

A

275-300 mOsm/kg

64
Q

What is normal serum osmolarity?

A

270-320 mOsm/L

65
Q

What is normality volume concentration?

A

gran-equivalents of solute/liters of soln

66
Q

What is osmolar volume concentration?

A

cone of solute that is major conc x # of particles produced per molecule of soln

67
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower to higher concentration of solute i.e. water follows sodium

68
Q

What is passive transport?

A

energy comes from normal kinetic energy matter

69
Q

What is phosphorous used for?

A

assist w/ energy transfer carbohydrate, fat lipid metabolism promotes acid-base balance

70
Q

What is EKG change seen with hyperkalemia?

A

elevated peaked T waves
Flattened p wave
prolonged PR interval
Widened QRS

71
Q

What is the EKG change seen with hypokalemia?

A

Flattened T wave

ST depression

72
Q

What is the lipid biolayer made up of?

A

hydrophobic and hydrophillic phospholipid layers

73
Q

What is the major ECF anion? Normal range?

A

Cl-, 100-110 mmol/L

74
Q

What is the major ECF cation? Normal range?

A

Na++, 135-145 mmol/L

75
Q

What is the primary intracellular anion? Normal range?

A

Phosphorus, 3.0-4.5mWq/L

76
Q

What is the primary ion in extracellular fluid

77
Q

What is the role of extracellular sodium?

A

The sodium pump keeps Na++ out of the cells so potassium stays intracellular

78
Q

What is the substance called that dissolved in fluid?

79
Q

What is the transcellular fluid and where is it located?

A

fluids outside of normal compartments, CSF, digestive juices, mucus, etc.

80
Q

What is weight percent weight concentrations?

A

soln based on weight of solute compared to weight of solvent

81
Q

What is weight-volume percent

A

soln that contains one g of solute/ 100ml soln

82
Q

What size particles are colloids?

83
Q

What size solute particles are cystalloids?

A

Less than 1nm (glucose, ions)

84
Q

What will low phosphorous cause?

A

muscle weakness, seizures, coma, hemolytic abnemia, bleeding disorders

85
Q

When is body fluid greatest?

86
Q

Where is ISF located?

A

Surrounds cells but doesn’t circulate

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