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Chemistry > Chemistry flashcards - year 10 (mocks) > Flashcards

Chemistry flashcards - year 10 (mocks)

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1
Q

what does (aq) mean

A

aqueous (dissolved in water)

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2
Q

what is the relative mass of a proton

A

1

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3
Q

what is the relative mass of a neutron

A

1

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4
Q

what is the relative mass of an electron

A

negligible

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5
Q

what is the relative charge of a proton

A

+1

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6
Q

what is the relative charge of a neutron

A

0

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7
Q

what is the relative charge of an electron

A

-1

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8
Q

what is the mass number

A

the amount of protons and neutrons

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9
Q

what is the atomic number

A

how many protons are in an atom

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10
Q

what are isotopes

A

different forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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11
Q

where are the reactive metals on the periodic table

A

on the left

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12
Q

where are the non metals on the periodic table

A

on the right

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13
Q

what does the row of an element on the periodic table show

A

how many shells it has

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14
Q

what does a column on the periodic table show

A

how many electrons are in its outside shell

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15
Q

what is another word for shells

A

energy levels

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16
Q

what is the lowest energy level

A

the first one / closest to nucleus

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17
Q

how are irons formed

A

when an atom looses or gains an electron

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18
Q

what is special about ions

A

they are charged (negatively or positively)

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19
Q

what happens when an electron is gained

A

electrons are negatively charged so the atom will become a negatively charged ion

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20
Q

what are all the different types of bonding

A

ionic
covalent
metallic

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21
Q

opposites _______

A

attract

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22
Q

why do atoms react

A

to gain a full outside shell

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23
Q

what happens in ionic bonding

A

an electron is lost or gained so that one atom becomes positively charged and the other becomes negatively charged so they form a bond because opposites attract

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24
Q

what happens in covalent bonding

A

multiple atoms share electron to get full outside shells

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25
Q

what happens in metallic bonding

A

the electrons from the outside shell of the metal become delocalised and are therefore positively charged so they attract the positively charged metals together

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26
Q

what 2 types of atoms are used in ionic bonding

A

a metal and a non metal

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27
Q

why are metals and non metals used in ionic bonding

A

because one needs to gain an electron and one needs to loose an electron

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28
Q

what types of atoms are used in covalent bonding

A

non metals

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29
Q

why are only non metals used in covalent bonding

A

because they both require an electron so they can just share one

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30
Q

what types of atoms are used in metallic bonding

A

metals

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31
Q

why are only metals used in metalic bonding

A

because they both need to loose an electron so they loose an electron which binds them together

32
Q

what compounds conduct electricity

A

ionic - conducts electricity when molten or dissolved
metallic - conducts electricity when solid
covalent - doesn’t conduct electricity

33
Q

what structures are each compounds

A

ionic - giant lattice
metallic - giant
covalent - simple

34
Q

what melting points do each compounds have

A

ionic - high
metallic - high
covalent - low

35
Q

what are giant lattice structures

A

giant structures combined with ionic bonding

36
Q

what are the properties of solids

A 
fixed shape
low energy
vibrate on the spot
strong forces of attraction
lattice arrangement
37
Q

what are the properties of liquids

A 
smaller forces of attraction
more energy
no definite shape
constantly moving
stick together but are free to move
38
Q

what are the properties of gases

A

no forces of attraction
no definite shape
lots of energy
free to move

39
Q

what is the process of a solid becoming a gas without becoming a liquid in between

A

subliming

40
Q

what is purity

A

a substance that is completely made up of a single element or compound

41
Q

what is a mixture

A

a substance that is made up of multiple different types of elements and compounds

42
Q

how do you test for a pure substance

A

it will have a sharp melting point (1 consistent melting point)

43
Q

what are hydrocarbons

A

a compound of hydrogen and carbon

44
Q

what is simple distillation

A

heating up a mixture to remove the liquid and leave the dissolved solid

45
Q

what is fractional distillation

A

heating us a mixture to separate multiple different liquids of the same boiling point

46
Q

why does distillation work

A

because the different liquids being separated have different boiling points

47
Q

what is filtration

A

putting a mixture of an undissolved solid and a liquid into filter paper to separate them

48
Q

what is crystallisation

A

heating up a mixture of a dissolved substance in a liquid to evaporate the water and leave you with just the solid

49
Q

what does soluble mean

A

it can be dissolved in water

50
Q

what is chromatography

A

separating the contents of a mixture onto paper using water to determine what substances are in the mixture and if its pure

51
Q

why does chromatography work

A

the substances will go higher up the paper if they are more soluble because they are less attracted to the paper and will spend more time in the mobile phase rather then the stationary phase

52
Q

what is the formula to calculate Rf value

A

distance travelled by solute (substance) divided by distance travelled by solvent (water)

53
Q

what are the 3 stages of water treatment

A

filtration
sedimentation
chlorination

54
Q

what happens during filtration

A

the water is put through wire mesh screens to remove any large solids

55
Q

what happens during sedimentation

A

substances are added to the water to make unwanted impurities clump together and sink to the bottom

56
Q

what happens during chlorination

A

chlorine gas is bubbled through to kill bacteria

57
Q

what is a pH of 0 - 6

A

acid

58
Q

what is a pH of 8 - 14

A

alkali

59
Q

what colour are acids on the pH scale

A

red/orange

60
Q

what colour are alkalis on the pH scale

A

blue/purple

61
Q

what colour is the neutral pH of 7

A

green

62
Q

what effects the pH of a substance

A

concentration of acid/alkali

63
Q

what is oxidation

A

loss of electrons

64
Q

what is reduction

A

gain of electrons

65
Q

what is a displacement reaction

A

when a more reactive element pushes out a less reactive element from the compound

66
Q

why do group 1 elements get more reactive as they so down the group

A

the electrons in the shells are attracted to the nucleus because of a negative to positive attraction
this means the further away it is the weaker the bond is
so if there are more shells between the outside electron and the nucleus
it will be easier to take the electron/require less energy
so more energy can be put into the reaction

67
Q

why do group 7 elements get less reactive as they go down the group

A

the electrons in the shells are attracted to the nucleus because of a negative to positive attraction
so if there are less shells obstructing the attraction between the needed electron and the nucleus
there will be a stronger force pulling the needed electron in
therefore less energy will be used in taking the electron
and more energy can be put into the reaction

68
Q

why are noble gases unreactive

A

they already have a full outside shell

69
Q

what is the formula for gradient

A

change in y divided by change in x

70
Q

what are the 6 fractions of crude oil

A 
gases - used for domestic heating
petrol - used for fuel in cars
kerosene - used for fuel in aeroplanes 
diesel oil - used for fuel in trains
fuel oil - used for fuel in ships
bitumen - used to surface roads
71
Q

what causes acid rain

A

when fossil fuels are burnt sulfur dioxide is released which them mixes with clouds to form sulfuiric acid which them falls as acid rain

72
Q

what are the effects of acid rain

A 
it can damage:
wildlife 
lakes
trees
limestone buildings 
metal
73
Q

how can hydrogen be used as a fuel

A

when combined with oxygen it produces energy with the only waste product being water

74
Q

what are the downsides of using hydrogen as a fuel

A

you need an expensive engine

its hard to store

75
Q

what are the 3 phases of the atmosphere

A

1 - volcanoes gave out steam and CO2
2 - Green plants evolved and produced oxygen
3 - ozone layer allows evolution of complex animals

Chemistry (5 decks)

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