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Year 9N (2021-22) > Chemistry: Final Exam > Flashcards

Chemistry: Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of ceramics?

A
  • dishes
  • pots/pottery
  • plates
  • china: fancy pots, tea cups
  • porcelain: toilet, wash basins
  • brick: houses, pizza ovens
  • glass: windows, jars, beakers
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2
Q

What are the properties of ceramics? (hint: 6)

A
  • heat resistant
  • not deform
  • wear resistant
  • brittle
  • insulators
  • electricity resistant
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3
Q

How are ceramics made?

A
  • kiln 1000ºC

- SiO2 (what we need to make sand)

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4
Q

What are polymers?

A

Long chains of repeating molecules

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5
Q

What is a monomer?

A

One molecule that can be joined to form a polymer

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6
Q

What is elastic?

A

tries to return to original shape

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7
Q

What is plastic?

A

can be reshaped and hold new shape

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8
Q

What are the properties for Natural rubber?

A
  • Soft and sticky when hot

- Hard and brittle when cold

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9
Q

What is Vulcanisation?

A
  • heating rubber with sulphur

- vulcanised rubber is elastic but not plastic because of the heavy, strong cross links

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10
Q

What is Polymerisation?

A

process by which we make polymer

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11
Q

What is an Exothermic reaction?

A
  • transfers energy to surroundings

- gets hot!

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12
Q

What is an Endothermic reaction?

A
  • energy taken (“consumed”) from surroundings

- gets cold! or requires constant heat

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13
Q

What are Composite materials?

A
  • Combinations of two or more materials, with some of the properties of each
  • Many are made by fixing fibres into liquid resin which then sets hard
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14
Q

What is Safety glass?

A

-shatters and stays together when broken

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15
Q

What are examples of composite materials?

A
  • Concrete
  • Paper
  • Plywood
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16
Q

What is GRP? (hint: 6)

A
  • Glass-Reinforced Plastic
  • Fiberglass
  • Lightweight
  • Strong
  • Semiflexible
  • Easily molded into shapes
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17
Q

What is Kevlar and Resin?

A
  • “carbon and fibre”

- strong and lightweight

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18
Q

What is concrete?

A
  • made from a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate (crushed rocks) and water
  • very strong
  • easily molded
  • reinforced with steel rods
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19
Q

What is cement?

A
  • cement is the “glue” for concrete

- cement is lime (calcium oxide of CaO)

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20
Q

What are the problems with materials?

A
  • finite (limited)

- creates harmful compounds by products

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21
Q

What are the harmful compounds?

A
  • Carbon monoxide (CO): caused by incomplete combustion (needs more O2)
  • Sulfur dioxide (SO2): caused by sulfur impurities in fuel, forms acid rain
  • Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): caused by high temperatures, also forms acid rain
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2): a green house gas
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22
Q

What is the word equation for combustion?

A

C2H6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O (+CO)-> when insufficient O2

23
Q

What is Biodegrability?

A

-ability to break down in nature over time

24
Q

Why do we need to recycle?

A
  • We know there are finite materials on earth
  • We are consuming!
  • We will run out
25
Q

What are landfills?

A
  • ugly; smelly
  • occupy land
  • dangerous: leaks toxic substances, release gases (CO2, methane -H4- “Greenhouse”)
  • expensive to run
26
Q

What are the ways of recycling?

A
  • Composting
  • Paper (recycling)
  • Glass (recycling)
  • Plastic (re-using)
27
Q

What are the properties of Metals? (hint:5)

A
  • High melting points
  • Good conductors of electricity
  • Good conductors of heat
  • High density
  • Malleable
28
Q

Properties of asbestos? (hint:5)

A
  • Excellent electrical insulator
  • Naturally occurring mineral
  • Fire-proof
  • Weavable
  • Used in construction: roofing, walls, floor tiles
29
Q

Why are asbestos bad?

A
  • Breathing in fibers through mouth and nose
  • They stab the lungs and scar lung tissue
  • Leads to lung cancer and other problems
30
Q

How can we deal with asbestos?

A
  • Seal or cover
  • Monitor the air
  • Take precaution when demolishing
  • Check for it
31
Q

What are Chlorofuorocarbons (CFC)?

A
  • Used in aerosol spray and refrigerants

- Create holes in the Ozone layer, which protects us from UVC (ultraviolet) radiation from the sun

32
Q

What is the Ozone layer?

A

-Ozone layer is “natural sunscreen” from UVC radiation

33
Q

What are the CFCs elements?

A
  • O2: diatomic oxygen
  • O: atomic oxygen
  • O3: ozone
34
Q

What is an explosion?

A
  • It is a chemical reaction that causes a destruction
  • exothermic
  • releases heat, sound and force-> can destroy or cause mess (shock)
35
Q

What properties do physical changes have?

A
  • state changes (boiling, melting)
  • No new substance
  • Easily reversible!
36
Q

What properties do chemical changes have?

A
  • new products formed

- not easily reversed

37
Q

What is pressure?

A
  • force exerted upon object
  • in gases, causes by collisions
  • pressure increases:
  • increase temperature-> energy
  • increase particles-> increase in collisions!
  • decrease volume-> increase collisions
38
Q

How are explosions in a physical change caused?

A
  • caused by phase change
  • rapid expansion of volume
  • intermolecular forces are overcome
39
Q

How are explosions in a chemical change caused?

A

-Caused by a release of energy in a chemical reaction (breaking and making of bonds)

40
Q

What is the word equation for Propanes?

A

C3H8 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O

41
Q

What does “reactivity” mean?

A
  • “response” to other molecules/elements

- relation between protons and electrons

42
Q

Memorise:

A

Metal + Water -> metal hydroxide

Metal + acid -> salt + hydrogen

43
Q

What are examples of exothermic rxns?

A
  • Sodium hydrogen + hydrochloric acid (neutralisation)

- Methane + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water (combustion of hydrocarbon)

44
Q

Why does Surface Area malter?

A

-high S.A increases reaction rate

45
Q

What does an Oxidizer/ Oxidizing Agent do?

A

-Provide oxygen for combustion reactions

46
Q

What is the word equation for Electrolysis?

A

AI2O3 + C -> no rxn

47
Q

Characteristics of Electrolysis?

A

anodes are positively charged
- they attract anions (negative ion)

anthodes are negatively charged
-they attract cations (positive ions)

48
Q

What is Electrostatic attraction?

A

-attraction between oppositely changed particles

49
Q

What is Hydrogen Bonding?

A

-Electrostatic attraction between the proton (+) of a hydrogen and lone electron pairs (-)

50
Q

What are Pure Substances?

A

-all particles are the same

51
Q

What is a Mixture?

A

-contains different particles

52
Q

What is an Element?

A

-substance made from only one type of atom

53
Q

What is a Compound?

A

-substance made from different types of atoms joined together

54
Q

What are examples of separations techniques?

A
  • Filtration
  • Separating Funnel
  • Distillation
  • Fractional Distillation

Year 9N (2021-22) (8 decks)

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