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Chemistry > Chemistry exam > Flashcards

Chemistry exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is inside a nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons.

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2
Q

Electron configuration.

A 
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f  Ect.
Smart people don't forget
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3
Q

What is Pauli’s principle?

A

States that no two electrons can have the same four electronic quantum numbers. As an orbital can contain a maximum of only two electrons, the two electrons must have opposing spins.

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4
Q

How many electrons are in each particular sub shell?

A

S: 2 P: 6 D: 10 F: 14

This is because each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.

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5
Q

How does the group number relate to an element?

A

The groups or columns of the periodic table show:

  • the similar properties of elements
  • their ionic charge eg. grp 2 = +2 charge
  • how many electrons are in their outer shell
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6
Q

Definition of noble gases.

A

Any of the group 0 or 18 elements. Very stable elements are rarely react. they are the most stable elements because their outermost shell is filled to its maximum.

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7
Q

What is a colloid?

A

A substance that contains many particles that are evenly distributed throughput the solution. When light is shinned through a collie the particles scatter the light in all direction so it can not pass directly through.

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8
Q

What is a solution?

A

Homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances, where the substances or solute is dissolved into the solvent.

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9
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically formed

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10
Q

What is a precipitate?

A

The insoluble product of a precipitation reaction. A fine solid powder that forms when two soluble solutions mix together.

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11
Q

What is the difference between a solution, mixture, colloid and a precipitate?

A
  • a colloid is a solution where the particles are distributed throughout
  • a solution is where a substance is dissolved
  • a mixture is combination of substances which are not chemically joined together
  • a precipitate is where 2 soluble solutions are mixed to form a solid
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12
Q

Definition of a solid, liquid, gas and aqueous solution.

A

Solid: Firm and stable in shape; not liquid or fluid.
Liquid: a substance that flows freely but is of constant volume.
Gas: an air-like fluid substance which expands freely to fill any space available.
Aqueous: Dissolved in water.

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13
Q

Define combination reaction.

A

A reaction where two or more elements or compounds (reactants) combine to form a single compound. X + Y = XY

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14
Q

Define decomposition reaction.

A

A reaction where a single compound breaks down into two or more elements or new compounds. XY = X + Y

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15
Q

Define displacement reaction.

A

A reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound AB + CD = CB + AD

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16
Q

Define precipitino reaction.

A

When two soluble reactants combine to form an insoluble product known as the precipitate. Eg. (aq) + (aq) = (aq) + (s)

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17
Q

Define a metal displacement reaction.

A

A metal will displace a less reactive metal

in a metal salt solution.

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18
Q

Define a combustion reaction.

A

An exothermic reaction in which something reacts with oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide.

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19
Q

Deine a Neutralisation reaction.

A

A reaction in which an acid and a base react quantitatively with each other to produce salt and water.

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20
Q

Definition of mass number.

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus.

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21
Q

Definition of an addition polymer.

A

A polymer which is formed by an addition reaction, where many monomers bond together via rearrangement of bonds without the loss of any atom under a specific condition of heat, pressure, catalyst.

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22
Q

Define biological catalyst.

A

A biological catalyst or enzyme speeds up biochemical reaction with out being changed in the end.

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23
Q

Definition of biofuel.

A

A fuel derived immediately from living matter. e.g. plants.

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24
Q

What is avogadros number?

A

6.02 x 10^23

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25
Q

What polymers are recyclable?

A

Thermo plastic polymers are recyclable.

26
Q

What is a thermoplastic polymer?

A

A plastic material, a polymer, that becomes pliable or moldable above a specific temperature and solidifies upon cooling.
Its tangled polymer chains can uncoil and slide past each other, making it a flexible material.

27
Q

What is a thermoset polymer?

A

A polymer, once moulded, it does not soften when heated and they cannot be reshaped.
Their polymer chains are joined together by cross-links, so they cannot slide past each other easily.

28
Q

What is kerosine and what is it used for?

A

A more viscous paraffin oil is used as a laxative. Kerosene is widely used to power jet engines of aircrafts.

29
Q

How do you change a long chain of hydrocarbons into smaller more useful ones?

A

Fractional distillation, where they are serrated with hight temps, then rise according to their boiling points (or chain length).

30
Q

What hydrocarbon gases are produced from fractional distillation (top to bottom)?

A 
refinery gas
gasoline
naphtha
kerosine
diesel
fuel oil
lubricating oil
residue (bitumen)
31
Q

What is the formula for at least 4 alkanes?

A 
Methane: CH4
Ethane: C2H6
Propane: C3H8
Butane: C4H10
Pentane: C5H12
Hexane: C6H14
32
Q

What is the size of a nanometer?

A

1 billionth of a meter.

33
Q

What is the name for small units that are turned into polymers?

A

Monomers.

34
Q

What are some allotropes of carbon?

A

Diamond, Graphite, amorphous carbon, graphene, fullerenes.

35
Q

What are some properties of graphite?

A
  • Soft and slippery
  • Insoluble in water
  • Lustrous
  • High melting point
  • Black and opaque
  • Electrical conductor
36
Q

Order of reactive metals.

A 
Potassium
Sodium
Lithium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium 
Zinc 
Iron Copper
Silver 
Gold
37
Q

How can you calculate the molar mass?

A

Amount of substance you have divided by Relative atomic mass (n= m/ Mr)

38
Q

Was does each abbreviation stand for?

a) n
b) Mr
c) m

A

a) n= number of moles
b) Mr= relative atomic mass
c) m= mass

39
Q

Relationship between molecules and the number of atoms in the molecule.

A

One mole of a compound contains 6.022x10^23 molecules of the compound.

40
Q

Relationship between the mass of the reactants and the mass of the product.

A

The mass of all the reactants added up will equal the mass of the products.

41
Q

The best condition for a chemical reaction are:

A

For a reaction to happen, reactant particles must collide with enough energy for the collision to be successful. The rate of reaction increases if there is an increase in temperature, concentration of reactants in solution or pressure of gaseous reactants. These changes can be explained in terms of the rate of successful collisions.

42
Q

What are the stoichiometry rules?

A
  1. Write the balanced equation with mole ratios underneath
  2. Write down the known mole
  3. Calculate the unknown mole
  4. Calculate the mass of the unknown
43
Q

WHat is the empirical formula?

Describe it.

A

A formula that gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.

44
Q

What is a condensation polymer?

A

They are any kind of polymers formed from a condensation reaction. Where molecules join together—losing small molecules as by-products such as water or methanol.

45
Q

WHat is an addition polymer?

A

When monomers’ double-bonds open up to form continuous chain, due to high pressure, temp and a catalyst. Only occur in alkenes or unsaturated polymers.

46
Q

What is the bromine test?

A

A test for the presence of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The bromine test can be used to detect an alkene because the double bonds on the alkene allow it to react differently and therefore it decolourises bromine.

47
Q

What is catalytic cracking?

A

Converts the high-boiling, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum crude oils to more valuable gasoline, olefinic gases, and other products. Breaks larger hydrocarbon molecules into more smaller valuable ones.

48
Q

How does a fractional distillation column work or a fractionating tower?

A

Crude oil is heated to a very high temperature along with high pressure. The crude oil vapours then rise inside the column according to their boiling points and the number of carbons. The lighter ones go to the top and the heavier ones go to the bottom. This process breaks the hydrogen and carbon chains.

49
Q

What is a current developing product in nanotechnology?

A

Buckyballs could be a future use to treat cancer and cure it. Buckyballs have a hollow sphere structure and are made up of 60 carbon atoms. The hollow space inside the buckyball allows for atoms and molecules to fit inside. Buckyballs will be able to contain cancer killing drugs, that will then be coated with taxol. The taxol causes the bucky ball to attract to cancer cells. This means the cancer drug will only affect and kill the cancerous cells and not the healthy ones.

50
Q

WHat is the formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

51
Q

What is the formula for Alkenes?

A

CnH2n

52
Q

What are the three classes of food?

A

Protein: Meat, enzyme
Carbohydrates: pasta, polysaccharide (glucose)
Lipids and fats: oil

53
Q

How does temperature increase the rate of a reaction?

A
  1. Gives the atoms or particles more energy, so collisions are more likely to happen.
  2. Particles more quiclkey so they are more likely to collide with each other.
54
Q

Describe an addition polymer reaction.

A

Ethene –> Polyethene

The catalysts are heat, pressure and a catalyst.

55
Q

What are the steps for the empirical formula?

A
  1. Write down the element.
  2. Writed down the mass (%) of each element.
  3. Calculate the mole (divide by molar mass).
  4. Divide by smallest mole
  5. Multiply to get whole numbers.
56
Q

How can you calculate the mole?

A

Mass of substance divided by the relative atomic mass.

46g of H2O= 46/ 18 = 2.6 moles.

57
Q

How can you calculate the mass of a substance?

A

Moles multiplied by relative atomic mass.

0.41 moles of CO= 0.41 x 28= 11.48 grams of CO.

58
Q

How can you calculate the mass of each molecule?

A

5.25 x 10^24 of C6H12O6= 8.72g.

59
Q

How can you calculate the number of molecules in a substance?

A
  1. Divide the mass of substance by relative atomic mass.

2. Multiply result by Avogadro’s number.

60
Q

How can you calculate the number of atoms in a substance

A
  1. Multiply the number of types of elements by number of molecules (result of mass divided by Mr, multiplied by Avogadro’s number).
61
Q

What are the first 10 alkanes?

A 
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Nonane
Decane

Chemistry (7 decks)

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