Chemistry Chp 11&12 Review

Question 1

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Answer 1

H (wants 2e), Be (wants 4e) and B (wants 6e)

Question 2

The center atom in a LDS is usually

Answer 2

Carbon

Question 3

Resonance

Answer 3

Atoms stay put double bonds move (to go from one to the other use double sided arrow)

Question 4

CH is

Answer 4

nonpolar always

Question 5

Polarity

Answer 5

determined by electronegativity differences

Question 6

EN difference of 0–>0.4

Answer 6

Non-polar covalent (equal sharing)

Question 7

EN difference of 0.5–>1.7

Answer 7

Polar covalent (unequal sharing)

Question 8

EN difference over 1.7

Answer 8

Ionic (taking)

Question 9

Bond polarity arrows

Answer 9

–+—> towards more electronegative side

Question 10

Molecular polarity

Answer 10

Defined by the sum of the bond polarities or symmetry (symmetrical molecules are non-polar)

Question 11

Water is…

Answer 11

Always polar

Question 12

IMF definition

Answer 12

the forces between molecules (hold molecules together) They are represented by dashed lines
they have a weak intermolecular attraction

Question 13

IMFs and Boiling/Melting point

Answer 13

The stronger the IMF bond the HIGHER the Bp/Mp bc you need more energy to break the molecules apart

Question 14

Types of IMFs

Answer 14

Ion-Dipole (strongest)
Hydrogen Bonding
Dipole-Dipole (polar)
Induced dipole-induced-dipole (non-polar) (weakest)

Question 15

Ion-Dipole

Answer 15

The interaction between an ion and a polar molecule (the ion is fully charged and the polar molecule is partially charged)

Question 16

Hydrogen Bonding

Answer 16

FON - When any of these molecules directly connect to an H element
(hydrogen is much less electronegative than these elements, which makes them extremely polar)

Question 17

Dipole-Dipole

Answer 17

when polar molecules interact the positive ends attract to the negative ends (if polar but not F, O, or N)

Question 18

Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole

Answer 18

(Temporary partial charge) non-polar molecules stick together because their election clouds become slightly distorted when next to each other

Question 19

How to differentiate between types of IMFs

Answer 19

Ion-dipole - Magnitude of charge on the ion
H-bonds - Number of sites capable of hydrogen bonding (CH2OH4 has 1 site possible)
Induced-dipole - Molar mass
Dipole-dipole - N/A

Question 20

Melting point/Boiling Point

Answer 20

Stronger IMFs = higher Mp/Bp

Question 21

Volatility

Answer 21

Ease of evaporation - stronger IMFs lower volatility

Question 22

Surface tension

Answer 22

Stronger IMFs = higher surface tension

Question 23

Viscosity

Answer 23

Resistance to flow (density) stronger IMFs = higher viscosity

Question 24

Electron Geometries

Answer 24

Linear (180)
Trigonal planar (120)
Tetrahedral (109.5)

Question 25

Molecular Geometries

Answer 25

Linear Trigonal planar Bent tetrahedral

Question 26

Types of solids

Answer 26

Ionic Solids Molecular solids Network covalent solids Metallic solids

Question 27

Ionic solids

Answer 27

metals and nonmetals very soluble in water not conductive as a solid conductive as a liquid conductive in an aq solution high melting and boiling point

Question 28

Molecular Solids

Answer 28

all nonmetals Slightly soluble not conductive as a solid not conductive as a liquid not conductive as a aq solution low melting/boiling point

Question 29

Network Covalent solids

Answer 29

all nonmetals Insoluble not conductive as a solid not conductive as a liquid N/A for aq solution

Question 30

Metallic solids

Answer 30

all are metals insoluble conductive as a solid conductive as a liquid N/A for aq solution