Chemistry Chapter 6 Flashcards
mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together
chemical bond
what are the types of chemical bonds
ionic and covalent
what does an ionic bond do
give and take electrons
what does an ionic bond do
share electrons
formed by the transfer of one or more electrons which result in the formation of positive and negative ions which are then attracted to each other
ionic bond
results from the simultaneous attraction of 2 nuclei for the same electrons resulting in the sharing of the electrons
covalent bonds
what is a polar bond?
unequal sharing of electron
what is nonpolar bond?
equal sharing of electrons
how do you predict bond type
use electronegativity difference of the atoms
has the electronegativity difference >1.7
ionic
has the electronegativity difference between 0.3 and 1.7
polar
has the electronegativity difference
nonpolar
ionic of molecular?
all solids
ionic
ionic of molecular?
high melting point
ionic
ionic of molecular?
do not conduct unless molten or in solution
ionic
ionic of molecular?
hard, brittle
ionic
ionic of molecular?
may exist as gas, liquid or solids
molecular
ionic of molecular?
low melting point
molecular
ionic of molecular?
poor heat conductors
molecular
ionic of molecular?
good electrical insulators
molecular
ionic of molecular?
soft, waxy
molecular
composed of positive and negative ions combined so that the net charge of the compound is zero
ionic compound
simplest ration of ions in an ionic compound
formula unit
ions combining in an orderly arrangement
crystal lattice
what does crystal lattice do?
reduce energy
group of covalently bonded atoms that carries a change
polyatomic ions
phosphate
phosphate: PO4^-2
nitrate
nitrate: NO3^-1
hydroxide
hydroxide: OH^-1
sulfate
sulfate: SO4^-2
ammonium
ammonium: NH4^+1
consists of an agreement of positive ions that are located at the crystal lattice sites and are immersed in a “sea” of mobile electrons
metallic bond
what does the mobility of electrons result in?
what are these things?
metallic properties
- good conductor of electricity and heat
- malleability
- ductility
- luster
what does the strength of metal vary with?
the nuclear charge and the number of valence electrons
neutral group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
molecule
shows the types and number of atoms combined in a single molecule of a molecular compound
molecular formula
what is the formation of a covalent bond?
there is a release of energy when bonds are formed, resulting in a lower energy system and more stable system
- the ____ energy given _____ the more stable the compound the _____ the bond
- the _____ energy given off the _____stable the compound the _____ bond
more, more, stronger
less, less, weaker
energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral isolated atoms
bond energy
compounds form that each atom, by gaining, losing or sharing electrons, has an octet of electrons in its outer energy level
the octet rule
uses dots to show the valence electrons for an element
dot notation
uses symbol of each element in the compound and dot pairs or dashes between atoms to represent shared electrons and dots next to a symbol to represent unshared electrons
lewis structures
indicates the kind, #, arrangement, and bonds but not the unshared pairs of the atoms in a molecule
structural formula
sharing only one pair of electrons between atoms
compounds with single covalent bonds
sharing 2 pairs of electrons between two atoms
double bonds
sharing 3 pairs of electrons between 3 atoms
triple bonds
(17)
linear
(16)
angular
(15)
pyramidical
(14)
tetrahedral
an uneven distribution of electrical charge in a molecule
-causes a molecule to be polar and result in the strongest inter molecular forces-higher boiling point
dipole
a special dipole
dipole force
results because _____ and another highly electronegative atom pulls _____ electron very close to it, leaving an almost bare proton
-accounts for the high boiling point of water, low vapor pressure and low density of ice
hydrogen bond
in _____ molecules, weak attractive forces exist between molecules
- results from momentary dipoles as electrons move about the atom
- makes it possible for small ____ molecules to exist as liquids or solid under conditions of lower temperature and high pressure
nonpolar
boiling point and bond tyype
nonpolar covalent
an atom that gains one or more electrons will have a _____ charge
negative
an atom that loses one or more electrons will have a ____ charge
positive
an atom that gains or loses one or more electrons is called an ____
ion
a positive ion is called a ____ and a negative ion is called an _____
cation
anion
atoms will transfer one or more ____ to another to form the bond
electrons
each atom is left with a ____ outer shell
complete
an ionic bond forms between a ____ ion with a positive charge and a ____ ion with a negative charge
metal
nonmetal
atoms ___ one or more electrons with each other to form the bond
share
each atom is left with a ____ outer shell
complete
a covalent bond forms between two _____
nonmetals
the charge on an ion is
either positive or negative
what is a polyatomic ion
has many ions with a charge
the crystal structure of an ionic compound depends on the ___ and ____ of the cations and anion
sizes and ratio
the melting points of ionic compounds are higher than the melting points of molecular compounds because
attractive forces between ions are greater than the attractive forces between molecules
a covalent bond is formed when two atoms
share one or more electrons with each other
two electrons have to be made
how many double bonds are in the lewis structure for hydrogen fluoride HF
none
two atoms will likely form a polar covalent bond if the electronegativity difference is
between 0.3 and 1.7
in a double covalent bond
two atoms share two pairs of electrons
the boiling point of water, H2O is higher than the boiling point of sulfide H2S because water molecules are…
more polar and form hydrogen bonds
which type of bonding is characterized by overlapping orbital that allow outer electrons of atoms to move about freely throughout the entire lattice
metallic
according to VESPR what is the shape of a molecule of CS2
linear
according to VESPR theory, what is the shape of a molecule of NBr3
pyramidal
an ionic bond results from electrical attraction between
cations and anions
a nonpolar covalent bond is unlikely when two atoms of different elements join because the atoms are likely to differ in
electronegativity
if two covalently bonded atoms move closer than a distance of the bond length, the potential energy of the atoms
increase
for multiple covalent bonds to form in molecules, the molecules mus contain carbon, nitrogen, or
oxygen
the principle that states that atoms tend to form compounds in which each atom has eight electrons in its highest occupied energy level is called the
octet rule
lattice energy is an indication of the
strength of an ionic bond
explain the intermolecular force that contributes to the high boiling point of water
results because hydrogen and another highly electronegative atom pulls hydrogen electron very close to it, leaving an almost bare proton
compare and contast ionic bonding and covalent bonding
ionic bonds are formed from one or more electrons and covalent bonds are bonded by the same electron. Ionic bonds from simultaneous attraction ionic of positive and negative ions, and covalent attraction of 2 nuclei
