Chemistry Chapter 2: Bonding, Molecules and Intermolecular Forces Flashcards
Formal charge equation
FC = VE - (1/2)BE - LPE
BE = bonded electrons
LPE = lone pair electrons
Denaturation disrupts which levels of protein structures?
Secondary, tertiary and quaternary
Why is the pKa lower for the final compound?
Inductive stabilization. The Cl’s are electron withdrawing, meaning that the negative charge gets spread out across the whole compound, making the conjugate base more stable
Describe the pattern in pKa and why that happens
acidity increases when adding a Cl because through induction, the negative charge is spread out stabilizing the conjugate base. but this effect is diminished if the electron withdrawing group is spread out too far.
Which compound is a dimer and which is a monomer?
Left = dimer (because of coordinated bridging between O - H - O)
Right = monomer
Do you include lone pairs for hybridization?
YES
Why is a molecule with 6 atoms attached around a central atom called octehedral?
Because 8 faces are formed
Bond length and energy relationship
Shorter bonds have the highest energy
Difference between coordinate covalent and covalent bonds
Covalent = each atom donates 1 e-
Coordinate covalent = share e- from the same atom
Coordination number
number of ligands (atoms, ions, or molecules) directly bonded to the central metal atom in a coordination complex.
When is a species a hydrogen bond donor and acceptor?
1) hydrogen bond donor = typically positive (like NH3+)
2) hydrogen bond acceptor = typically negative or has a lone pair, can accept H bond
the presence of impurities almost always _________ and ____________ the melting point range of a compound.
Lowers and broadens
Lower melting point → Impurities weaken the structure, requiring less heat to melt.
Broader melting range → Different parts of the mixture melt at different temperatures due to non-uniform impurity distribution.
