Chemistry- Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is atomic number
Number of protons
What is mass #
Number of protons and neutrons
Explain what an isotope is
An atom with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
Would isotopes have different or similar reactive capabilities and why?
The same, because isotopes are only different in number of neutrons and this doesn’t change the valence of the charge
Define an ion
An atom with a charge
What happens if an atom looses an electron?
Gets a positive charge
What happens if an atom gains an electron?
Atom becomes negatively charged
What is the function of chemical bonds
Hold atoms together, store energy
What are the 3 types of bonds?
Ionic bond, covalent bond, hydrogen bond
What is an ionic bond?
Holds ions of opposite charge together
What is a covalent bond
Bond that holds atoms together that share electrons.
Explain how electrons are shared in a polar covalent bond
Shared electrons get pulled more by one atom than the other.
Unequal sharing of electrons
Explain how electrons are shared in a nonpolar covalent bond?
Electrons are shared evenly between atoms
Explain hydrogen bonding
Bond that forms between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.
The weakest bond
Explain the difference between a solvent and solute
Solvent- does dissolving (water)
Solute- gets dissolved in solvent (sugar)
Name the 4 types of reactions
Synthesis
Decomposition
Oxidation
Reduction
Explain what a synthesis reaction is
Anabolic reactions
Take small things, make them into big products
Explain a decomposition reaction
Catabolic reaction
Taking a big thing (complex) and breaking it down into smaller parts (simple)
Explain what an oxidation reaction is
Produces a release of electrons thus DECREASING energy
Explain what happens during a reduction reaction
Electrons are added and covalent bonds are formed thus INCREASING energy
Explain the pH scale
Measurement of free H+
More acidic= numbers below 7
More basic= numbers above 7
If free H+ increases what happens to the pH?
H+ increase = pH decrease
What happens if free H+ decrease?
H+ decrease = pH increase
Explain difference in proton acceptors and proton donors
Proton donors are ACIDS And have free H+ to give
Proton acceptors are BASED and have OH- to accept free H+
What are buffer systems and how do they work?
Attempt to maintain pH homeostasis
pH decreases= to many free H+, removes free H+
pH increases= to few H+, release H+ into free state.
Name the 4 groups of organic compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleus acids (DNA/RNA)
Proteins
What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds
Organic compounds contain carbon. Inorganic compounds don’t have carbon ( oxygen, water)
What are the six elements that make a body mass?
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Oxygen (O)
Calcium (Ca)
Define matter
Occupies SPACE and has MASS. And is made of naturally occurring elements.
What is the smallest living unit and what is it made of?
Cells are the smallest living unit and made of one or more elements
Define Valence
The last orbital shell
Gives atoms reactive capability
Electrons are added, taken and shared here.
Define Valence
The last orbital shell
Gives atoms reactive capability
Electrons are added, taken and shared here.
What does Atomic # represent?
number protons
What does Mass # represent?
protons and neutrons
Define Isotope.
atom with the same # of protons but different # of neutrons
Would isotopes have the same or different reactive capability?
The same because in isotopes only the neutrons change. This doesn’t affect the valence of the charge
Define Ion.
atom that has a charge
What happens if an ion loses electrons?
Becomes positively charge
What happens if an ion gains electrons?
It becomes negatively charged
What are the two functions of Chemical Bonds?
hold atoms together, store energy
What are the 3 types of bonds?
1) Ionic bond = holds ions together of opposite charges
2) Covalent = holds atoms together that share electrons
3) Hydrogen bonds = bonds with hydrogen atom
Explain the difference between polar covalent and nonpolar covalent
polar covalent bonds- electrons are not shared equally
Nonpolar covalent bonds - electrons shared equally
