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2016 GAMSAT > Chemistry - Chains, Energy and Resources - F322 - Basic Concepts and Hydrocarbons (1) > Flashcards

Chemistry - Chains, Energy and Resources - F322 - Basic Concepts and Hydrocarbons (1) Flashcards

1
Q

How many known carbon compounds are there?

A

There are an excess of 10 million known carbon compounds.

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2
Q

What makes a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon contains only single bonds.

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3
Q

What makes an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains at least one carbon-carbon multiple bond

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4
Q

Define an aliphatic hydrocarbon.

A

An aliphatic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains.

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5
Q

Define an alicyclic hydrocarbon

A

An alicyclic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure.

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6
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A functional group is the part of a molecule responsible for its chemical reactions.

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7
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A homologous series is a series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

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8
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Alkanes are the homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2.

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9
Q

What is an alkyl group?

A

An alkyl group is an alkane with a hydrogen atom removed.

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10
Q

Define the empirical formula?

A

The empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.

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11
Q

Define the general formula.

A

The general formula is the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.

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12
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

The displayed formula shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them.

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13
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

The structural formula shows the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

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14
Q

What is the skeletal formula?

A

The skeletal formula is a simplified organic formula with the hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.

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15
Q

What is retinol used for?

A

Retinol is used to treat acne.

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16
Q

What is salbutamol used for?

A

Salbutamol is used for the treatment of asthma.

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17
Q

Define a structural isomer.

A

Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangements of atoms.

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18
Q

Give examples of how structural isomerism could occur.

A
  • a hydrocarbon could be branched or unbranched
  • a functional group could be in a different position along the main chain
  • the functional group could be different (aldehydes vs ketones)
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19
Q

What is a stereoisomer?

A

A stereoisomer is a compound with the same structural formula, but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space.

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20
Q

Define E/Z isomerism.

A

E/Z isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C double bond.

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21
Q

Define cis-trans isomerism.

A

cis-trans isomerism is a special type of E/Z isomerism in which there is a non-hydrogen group and a hydrogen on each carbon of a C=C double bond: the cis (Z) isomer has the H atoms on each carbon on the same side; the trans (E) isomer has the H atoms on each carbon on different sides.

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22
Q

Define homolytic fission

A

Homolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals.

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23
Q

What is a radical?

A

A radical is a species with an unpaired electron.

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24
Q

Define heterolytic fission.

A

Heterolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming a cation (+) and an anion (-).

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25
Q

Define a nucleophile.

A

A nucleophile is an atom (or group of atoms) that is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

26
Q

Define an electrophile

A

An electrophile is an atom (or group of atoms) that is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

27
Q

Define fractional distillation.

A

Fractional distillation is the separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling point (and hence chemical composition) by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column.

28
Q

Where do the short-chained hydrocarbons condense in a fractionating column?

A

Short-chained hydrocarbons condense near the top of a fractionating column.

29
Q

Where do gases go in a fractionating column?

A

Gases pass out of an outlet at the top as petroleum gas.

30
Q

What is the residue at the bottom of the fractionating column?

A

Bitumen is the residue at the bottom of the fractionating column.

31
Q

What has lower boiling point, branched or unbranched alkanes and why?

A

Branched alkanes have lower boiling points because they have fewer points of contact.

32
Q

What is the main constituent of natural gas?

A

Methane is the main constituent of natural gas.

33
Q

What is cracking?

A

Cracking refers to the breaking down of long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter-chained alkanes and alkenes.

34
Q

How is most modern cracking performed?

A

Most modern cracking uses a zeolite catalyst at 450oC.

35
Q

Unbranched alkanes can sometimes be converted into branched alkanes in a process called….?

A

Unbranched alkanes can sometimes be converted into branched alkanes in a process called isomerisation.

36
Q

Aliphatic hydrocarbons can sometimes be converted into cyclic or aromatic hydrocarbons in a process called…?

A

Aliphatic hydrocarbons can sometimes be converted into cyclic or aromatic hydrocarbons in a process called reforming.

37
Q

Fuels with a high what rating burn more efficiently?

A

Fuels with a high octane rating burn more efficiently.

38
Q

What are petrochemicals?

A

Petrochemicals are things that can be made from crude oil.

39
Q

What makes a good fuel?

A

A good fuel needs to be readily available, easily transported and inexpensive.

40
Q

What is a biofuel?

A

A biofuel is a fuel that is derived from recently living material such as plants or from animal waste.

41
Q

What do alkanes and halogens require in order to react with each other?

A

Alkanes and halogens will react in the presence of ultraviolet light or temperatures of 300oC

42
Q

What is radical substitution?

A

Radical substitution is a type of substitution in which a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms.

43
Q

What happens in the initiation step of radical substitution?

A

Initiation is the first step in a radical substitution in which free radicals are generated by ultraviolet radiation.

44
Q

What happens in the propagation step of radical substitution?

A

Propagation is the two repeated steps in radical substitution that build up the products in a chain reaction.
- the number of radicals is always maintained in a propagation step

45
Q

What happens in the termination step of a radical substitution?

A

Termination is the step at the end of a radical substitution when two radicals combine to form a molecule.

46
Q

What is the general formula of aliphatic alkenes?

A

Aliphatic alkenes have the general formula CnH2n

47
Q

What forms a pi bond?

A

A pi bond is formed by the sideways overlap of p orbitals.

48
Q

What is the bond angle and shape of alkenes?

A

Alkenes have 120o bond angle and trigonal planar shape.

49
Q

What is the bond enthalpy of the C=C double bond?

A

The bond enthalpy of the C=C double bond is +612kJmol-1

50
Q

What is the bond enthalpy of the C-C single bond?

A

The bond enthalpy of the C-C single bond is +347kJmol-`

51
Q

TRUE or FALSE

A pi bond is stronger than a single bond.

A

FALSE!

A pi bond is weaker than a single bond.

52
Q

What conditions are required for a hydrogenation reaction?

A

A hydrogenation reaction occurs in the presence of a nickel catalyst at 150oC

53
Q

What is used as a test for unsaturation?

A

The addition of bromine water is used as a test for unsaturation.
When it forms a halogenoalkane it goes colourless, so in the presence of a double bond it’ll go colourless.

54
Q

The addition of steam to alkenes in the preparation of alcohols requires what conditions?

A

Steam and alkenes are heated to very high temperatures at very high pressure in the presence of a phosphoric acid catalyst.

55
Q

What is a carbocation?

A

A carbocation is an organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge.

56
Q

What is 1,2-dichloroethane used for?

A

1,2-dichloroethane is used as a degreaser and paint remover.

57
Q

What is ethane-1,2-diol used for?

A

Ethane-1,2-diol is used as antifreeze and one of the key materials for making polyesters such as terylene.

58
Q

What conditions are required for radical polymerisation?

A

Radical polymerisation requires temperatures of 200oC and very high pressures.

59
Q

What conditions does the Ziegler-Natta process require?

A

The Ziegler-Natta process requires the use of a specialist catalyst such as TiCl3 and Al(C2H5)2Cl at 60oC.

60
Q

What is the Ziegler-Natta process the common method of production for?

A

The Ziegler-Natta process is the common method of production for non-branched poly(ethene)

61
Q

Why is recycling PVC problematic?

A

Recycling PVC is problematic because of the high chlorine content.

2016 GAMSAT (19 decks)

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