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Practice Test Questions > Chemistry; Biochemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry; Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

The formation of a hydrogen bond requires what?

A

Both a hydrogen bond donor (a molecule with a hydrogen bonded to a highly electronegative atom such as oxygen or nitrogen) and a hydrogen bond acceptor (an electronegative atom with an available lone pair of electrons).

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2
Q

Formula for pH of a solution

A

-log [H+]

Ex: 0.01 M = 10 to the negative 2 = pH is 2

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3
Q

A carbonyl group (C=0) compared to an alkane or alkene in structure and boiling point

A

More polar & higher boiling point

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4
Q

An ebulliator or a boiling chip introduces small air bubbles into a system. What does this prevent?

A

The air bubbles break the surface tension of the liquid being heated & prevent superheating & bumping

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5
Q

When isolating liquids via vacuum fractional distillation where does the separation occur?

A

In the fractionating column as the two liquids vaporize & condense, with the lower-building liquid distilling first. If the fractionating column is shortened, the liquids will vaporize & condense fewer times (i.e. There will be fewer theoretical plates) & the degree of separation will worsen. Heating the distillation flask (i.e. Increasing the temp) at a slower rate will allow both liquids more time in the fractionating column (increase the number of theoretical plates, allowing liquid & vapor to equilibrate) & likely improve the degree of separation of the two compounds

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6
Q

Chiral carbon

A

Has 4 different substituents

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7
Q

The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals . . .

A

Surface pressure. The normal boiling point is measured at 1 ATM pressure. The vapor pressure of a liquid increases with increasing temperature. Hence, the boiling point of a liquid decreases as the pressure on the surface of the liquid is decreased

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8
Q

Carbonate reacts with water to produce

A

OH-

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9
Q

HCl reacts with CO3 2- to form

A

CO2 (g)

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10
Q

Electrons in the lower energy d orbitals absorb what in order to move to the high energy d orbitals

A

Visible light

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11
Q

Inductive effect

A

Transmission of charge through a chain of atoms in a molecule, resulting in a permanent dipole in a bond

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12
Q

Which is more soluble in water, polar or non-polar

A

Polar

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13
Q

Polarity arises from

A

The pull of electrons by an electronegative atom

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14
Q

Red litmus paper will turn what color in a base

A

Blue

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15
Q

How are multipotent stem cells different in their capabilities than pluripotent stem cells?

A

Multipotent stem cells can become several different types of cells from a single primary germ layer, while pluripotent stem cells can become any of the three primary germ layers.

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16
Q

MHC I

A

Found on all uncleared cells, including antigen presenting cells. Presents peptide fragments to cytotoxic T cells via the CD8 receptor

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17
Q

Behavioralism

A

Assumes all mental wants are determined by external physical events

18
Q

Photon energy must be larger than what in order to break a bond

A

Bond energy. Photon energy is directly proportional to radiation frequency

19
Q

Focal length

A

Insert picture from inside advanced website editor

20
Q

A tertiary alcohol is likely to undergo which type of substitution

A

SN1 b/c tertiary produces the most stable carbocations and consequently will most easily lose a water molecule upon protonation of the hydroxyl group in acidic media

21
Q

Transferase

A

Class of kinase that catalyze the transfer phosphate groups from ATP to target proteins. The ATP-dependent phosphorylation of a protein target is catalyze by transferases

22
Q

Conjugation

A

Extensive delocalization of electrons

23
Q

Km

A

The concentration of substrate at which the kinetics experiment reaches half the maximum velocity

24
Q

Kcat/Km

A

A measure of catalytic efficiency

25
Q

Albumin

A

A protein that mobilizes proteins & lipids in serum. Added to an experiment to maintain homogeneity & prevent the enzyme from adhering to walls & other substances

26
Q

Amino acid good for replacing b/c has minimal impact on the overall structure of an enzyme

A

Alanine - possesses a small hydrophobic side chain (methyl group) but participates in alpha helical & beta sheets extensively. Using to to replace reduces the interaction of the side chain with other active site components

27
Q

The bond that links monosaccharides together in an oligosaccharide

A

Glycoside bond

28
Q

Secondary structure of a protein is maintained primarily by what type of bonds

A

Hydrogen

29
Q

Tertiary & quaternary bonds are both maintained by what?

A

Intermolecular forces & disulfide bridges

30
Q

Humans are unable to digest cellulose due to the large number of what?

A

Beta (1,4) glycosidic linkages. These can’t be cleaved by human amylase & pass through the GI tract undigested

31
Q

Dehydration synthesis commonly create polymers from what?

A

Macromolecules

32
Q

Products of the pentose phosphate pathway

A

NADPH, glycolytic intermediates, & ribose-5-phosphate

33
Q

The conversion of glucose-6-phosphate is converted to ribulose-5-phosphate is what type of reaction (other than decarboxylation)?

A

Oxidation. When glucose-6-phosphate is converted to ribulose-5-phosphate, NADP+ is converted to NADPH. The conversion of NADP+ to NADPH is a reduction reaction. As NADP+ accepts electrons, glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized

34
Q

Purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway

A

Replenishes NADPH, which is used by the cell in bio synthetic pathways such as fatty acid synthesis -> more active in adipose tissue than in muscle tissue

35
Q

Proteolytic cleavage is what kind of reaction?

A

Hydrolysis

36
Q

When a catalyst is added to a chemical reaction, the energy of the activated complex will what?

A

Decrease & the rate of reaction will increase. The catalyst lowers the activation energy of a reaction (the energy of the activated complex), causing an increase in the reaction rate

37
Q

Number of moles =

A

mass (g)/ molecular weight

38
Q

K is equal to

A

Products/reactants

39
Q

If very high hydrogen pressures (reactants) must be employed to get appreciable concentration of products, then K is likely to be

A

Much less than 1

40
Q

Reactions that lead to the release of gas from a solid have what kind of delta S?

A

Positive. Positive valises of delta S lead to negative values of delta G at high temperatures. Delta H is a value defined at standard state and doesn’t change at high or low temps

41
Q

Delta G =

A

Delta H - TdeltaS

42
Q

When a system is at equilibrium delta Grxn =

A
  1. Since delta Grxn = delta Hrxn - T delta Srxn

Practice Test Questions (4 decks)

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