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Anatomy > Chemistry and Cellular Level > Flashcards

Chemistry and Cellular Level Flashcards

1
Q

cytology

A

outer surface of the cell

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2
Q

cell physiology

A

study of cellular function

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3
Q

plasma membrane

A

outer surface of cell

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4
Q

Fxn

A

separates cell from external environment

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5
Q

Str

A

Lipid bilayer (phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids)

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6
Q

Fxn(s)

A

transport, cell identification, enzymes, receptors, intercellular junction

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7
Q

Selective permeability

A

allows some substance to pass but not others

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8
Q

diffusion

A

particles move from high to low [] across membrane

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9
Q

osmosis

A

solvents move from high to low [] across membrane

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10
Q

active transport

A

requires cellular energy to move substances across membrane

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11
Q

hypotonic solution

A

lower [] of solutes

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12
Q

hypertonic solutions

A

higher [] of solutes

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13
Q

isotonic solution

A

equal [] of solutes

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14
Q

endocytosis

A

materials enter the cell

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15
Q

exocytosis

A

materials exit the cell

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16
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

membrane binds only to specific ligands

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17
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell engulf and destroy large solid particles

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18
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell engulfs extracellular fluids

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19
Q

centrosome

A

role in cell divison

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20
Q

cilia

A

move materials on cell surface

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21
Q

flagella

A

movement of entire cell

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22
Q

ribosome

A

protein synthesis

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23
Q

rough er

A

synthesis proteins and lipids

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24
Q

smooth er

A

synthesis lipids

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25
Q

golgi complex

A

packages and modifies cellular products

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26
Q

lysosomes

A

destroys unwanted substance

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27
Q

mitochondria

A

generates cellular energy

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28
Q

nucleus

A

control center for cellular activities

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29
Q

transcription

A

copying of DNA into mRNA (inside the nucleus)

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30
Q

translation

A

converting the mRNA with tRNA into a sequence (protein)

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31
Q

interphase

A

cell preparing for division

32
Q

G1

A

duplicating most organelles and other

33
Q

S

A

DNA Replications

34
Q

G2

A

cell growth

35
Q

prophase

A

chromatin condenses and forms chromosomes, nuclear envelope disappears

36
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line-up in the center of cell, spindle fibers appear

37
Q

anaphase

A

-centromeres split toward each pole

38
Q

telophase

A

chromatin reforms, nuclear envelope reappears

39
Q

cytokinesis

A

cell divides into two new appropriately equal cells

40
Q

meiosis

A

cell division that produces the gametes

41
Q

chemistry

A

the study of structure and interactions of matter

42
Q

matter

A

is anything that occupies space and has mass

43
Q

mass

A

the amount of matter in any object

44
Q

atoms

A

smallest units of matter, made of protons, neutrons, and elections

45
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus

46
Q

atomic mass

A

the sum of its protons and neutrons

47
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons and different mass numbers

48
Q

ions

A

an atom that has lost or gained an electron

49
Q

chemical bonds

A

hold together the atoms in molecules and compounds

50
Q

ionic bonds

A

+ and - charged ions attract each other

51
Q

covalent bonds

A

atoms share pairs of electrons (polar or non-polar)

52
Q

hydrogen bons

A

polar covalent bonds between H and other atoms

53
Q

chemical reactions

A

when new bonds form or old bonds are broken

54
Q

law of conservation of mass

A

total mass of the reactants equal the total mass of the product

55
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed just converted from one type to another

56
Q

catalysts

A

speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to get it started

57
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that act as catalysts in biological systems

58
Q

anabolism

A

build up of larger molecules from smaller

59
Q

catabolism

A

destruction of larger molecules to smaller

60
Q

endergonic

A

absorb more energy than released

61
Q

exergonic

A

released more energy than absorbed

62
Q

metabolism

A

the combination of anabolic and catabolic reactions

63
Q

solutions

A

solutes mixed into solvents usually looking clear

64
Q

suspension

A

are solutes mixed into a solvent

65
Q

water

A

most important inorganic compound in living systems, medium of nearly all chemical reactions

66
Q

hydrolysis

A

water is added to separate a large molecule

67
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

adding water combined two smaller molecules

68
Q

pH scale

A

0-14, 7 is neutral (water), below 7= acidic, above 7= basic/alkaline

69
Q

organic compounds

A

contains C+H, covalent usually

70
Q

carbohydrates

A

ratio of C for each water molecule, main function is source of energy for ATP formation

71
Q

lipids

A

fats, phospholipids, steroids, and some vitamins

72
Q

proteins

A

combination of amino acids, peptide bonds between (peptides and polypeptides)

73
Q

Nucleic acids

A

DNA/RNA, nucleotides = nitrogenous base (A,C,T,G,U) + pentose sugar + phosphate group

74
Q

DNA

A

double stranded, T base

75
Q

RNA

A

single strand, U base

76
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate, temporary molecular storage of energy

Anatomy (6 decks)

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