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equations and key points triple science > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the experiment to demonstrate diffusion with Potassium Manganate (VII) and water.
Do the same with Ammonia and Hydrogen Chloride.

A

Place some Potassium Manganate vii at the bottom of the beaker and the purple color with slowly spread out to fill the beaker. The particles are diffusing out among the particles of water.

Glass tube with one end holding cotton wool soaked with aqueous ammonia and the other end holding cotton wool soaked with hydrochloric acid. The NH3 gas diffuses from one end and HCL from the other. The ring forms near the end of the hydrochloric acid because the particles of ammonia are lighter and diffuse faster.

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2
Q

What is a solution?
Solute?
Solvent?
Saturated solution?

A

A solution is a mixture of a solute and solvent that does not separate out.
A solute is the substance being dissolved
A solvent is the liquid it’s dissolving into
A saturated solution is a solution where the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved.

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3
Q

What is solubility?

A

Solubility is a measure of how much solute will dissolve in a solvent

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4
Q

What is the formula for solubility?

A

Solubility(g per 100g of solvent) = mass of solid(g)/ mass of water removed(g) X 100

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5
Q

What are protons? Electrons? Neutrons?

A

Protons are heavy and positively charged subatomic particles.
Electrons are light and negatively charged subatomic particles.
Neutrons have no charge and are heavy.

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6
Q

Give four details about the nucleus. And four details about electrons.

A

The nucleus is in the middle of the atom. Contains protons and neutrons. It has a positive charge due to the protons. Almost the whole mass is concentrated in the nucleus.

Electrons move around in energy levels called shells. They are negatively charged. The size of the orbitals determines the size of the atom. Virtually no mass.

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7
Q

What does the atomic number tell you? The mass number?

How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?

A

The atomic number tells you how many protons there are. Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons.
The mass number tells you the total number of protons and neutrons.
To get the number of neutrons, just subtract the atomic number from the mass number. Electrons = protons.

The mass number is on the top and the atomic is the bottom.

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8
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Isotopes are different atomic forms of ether same element, which have the different number of neutrons and same number of protons.

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9
Q

What is the relative atomic mass?

A

Relative atomic mass is just a way of saying how heavy different atoms are compared with the mass of an atom of Carbon-12.

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10
Q

What are elements? Compounds? Mixtures?

What is a pure substance?

A

Elements consist of one type of atom, such as oxygen or copper.

Compounds are chemically bonded. Consist of two or more elements.

Mixtures are easily separated. A mixture isn’t a pure substance.

Pure substances have sharp specific boiling and melting points.

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11
Q

Chromatography formula.

A

Rf= distance travelled by solute/ distance travelled by solvent

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12
Q

What is simple distillation?

Fractional distillation?

A

Simple distillation is used for separating out a liquid from a solution.

Fractional distillation is used to separate a mixture of liquids.

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13
Q

How many elements (ish) do we know of?

A

100ish

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14
Q

How many electrons are allowed in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd shells?

A

1st shell: 2
2nd shell: 8
3rd shell: 8

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15
Q

Which side are metals placed on the periodic table?
Non-metals?

Are metal oxides basic or acidic?

A

Metals are placed on the left side.
Non metals on the right.

Metals oxides are basic. Non metal oxides are acidic.

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16
Q

What is the name for group 0 elements.

A

Noble gases ; inert colorless gases.

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17
Q

What are ions? How do they form?

What are negative and positive ions called? How are these formed?

A

Ions are charged particles. When atoms lose or gain electrons they become charged. They do this to get a stable electronic structure.
Negative ions are called anions, they form when an atom gains an electron. Positive ions are called cations, they form when atoms lose electrons.

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18
Q

Are group 1,2 and 3 metals or non metals?
Are group 5,6 and 7 metals or non metals?
What ions do these groups form?

A

Group 1 2 3 are metals they form positive ions.

Group 5 6 7 are non metals, they form negative ions.

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19
Q

What is ionic bonding?

What is the type of attraction between ions called?

A

Ionic bonding is the transfer of electrons. When a non metal and metal react together, such as group 1 and group 7 elements, the metal atom loses electrons to form a positive ion, and the non metal gains these loose electrons to form negative ions.

These attractions between atoms ae strong electrostatic attractions. This attraction is called an ionic bond.

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20
Q

What are ionic compounds? What characteristics do they have?

A

Compounds with ionic bonding are called giant ionic structures.
Electrostatic attractions are very strong, so a lot of energy is needed to break the bonds. Leading to high boiling and melting points.
They are not electrical conductors when solid due to no loose electrons.

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21
Q

What is covalent bonding ?

A

A covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons. This makes sure both atoms have a full outer shell.

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22
Q

Why do ionic compounds only conduct electricity when molten or in solution?

A

Solid ionic compounds don’t conduct electricity because the ions aren’t able to move around. When an ionic compounds is dissolved the ions separate and are able to move in the solutions. Same thing happens when melted.

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23
Q

What is metallic bonding?

A

The elctrostatic attractions between the positive ions and the electrons is called metallic bonding

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24
Q

What is the relative formula mass?

A

Relative formula mass, which is just all the relative atomic masses of the atoms it contains added together.

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25
Q

What is a mole?

How much is mole?

A

The mole is simply the unit for the amount of a substance.

A mole is this many, 6.023 x 10^23.

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26
Q

What is the formula for finding the number of moles in a given mass?

A

Number of moles = mass in g ( of element or compound)/ Mr (of element or compound)

Mass/ moles x Mr

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27
Q

What is the formula for percentage yield?

A

Percentage yield= actual yield in grams/ theoretical yield in grams x 100

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28
Q

What is the empirical formula?

Molecular formula ?

A

The empirical formula gives you the smallest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound.

Molecular formula of a compound tells you the actual number of atoms of each element in a single molecule.

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29
Q

Formula for concentration and formula for moles.

A

Concentration(in mol/dm^3) = number of moles/ volume of solution.
Number of moles = mass in grams/ relative formula mass(Mr)

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30
Q

Volume formula

Avrogradros law states…

A

Volume = moles of gas x 24

One mole of any gas always occupies 24 dm^3 (24 000cm3) at room temperature and pressure. ( RTP; 20c and 1 atmosphere)

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31
Q

What is electrolysis? How does it work?

A

Electrolysis is the breaking down of a substance using electricity.
An electric current is passed through an electrolyte causing it to decompose.

32
Q

What is oxidation? What is reduction? (Electrolysis)

A

Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of electrons.

33
Q

Which electrode are cations and anions attracted too? (Electrolysis)

A

Cations (+) are attracted to the cathode (a negative electrode ). Anions (-) are attracted to the anode (a positive electrode).

34
Q

What are group 1 elements called? Why are they called this?

How does the reactivity change when you go down the group?

A

Alkali metals. They produce alkaline solutions. Their reactivity becomes more reactive as you go down the group.

35
Q

What are group 7 elements called?
What happens as the atomic number increases?
What happens to the reactivity going down group 7?

A

Halogens.
As the atomic number increases, the elements have a darker color and higher boiling point.
The reactivity decreases going down group 7

36
Q

What happens in displacement reactions?(halogens).

A

More reactive halogens will displace less reactive ones.

37
Q

What are the proportions of the gases in the atmosphere?

A

0.04% carbon dioxide
~1% argon
78% nitrogen
21% oxygen

38
Q

When you burn something it reacts with oxygen in air.
What happens when you burn magnesium?
Hydrogen?
Sulfur?

A

Magnesium burns with a bright white flame, and a white powder that is magnesium oxide is formed.

Hydrogen burns very easily with oxygen, almost explosive. Orange yellow flame, product is water.

Sulfur burns with a pale blue flame, produces sulfur Dioxide.

39
Q

What are greenhouse gases?

How do they work?

A

Gases in the atmosphere like carbon dioxide, oxygen, methane, and water vapor naturally act like an insulating layer.

They absorb most of the head that would normally be radiated out into space and re radiate it all directions, including back to earth.

40
Q

What human activities are affecting the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.

A

Deforestation : fewer trees means less CO2 is removed via photosynthesis.
Burning fossil fuels: carbon that was ‘locked up’ in these fuels is being released as CO2.

41
Q

Reaction of metals with acids formula.

A

Acid + metal = salt + hydrogen.

42
Q

Metal and water formula.

A

Metal + water = metal hydroxide + hydrogen.

43
Q

What is the order of the reactivity series.

A

Potassium
Sodium
Lithium
Calcium

Magnesium
Aluminum
Zinc

Iron
Copper
Silver

Gold

44
Q

Iron word equation.

A

Iron + oxygen + water = hydrated iron(III) oxides (Rust)

45
Q

Describe three ways to prevent rusting.

A

Barrier methods; painting or coating with plastic.
Liking or greasing

Sacrificial method.

46
Q

Explain what is meant by “sacrificial method”

A

This involves placing a more reactive metal with the iron. The water and oxygen then react with this sacrificial metal instead of with the iron.

47
Q

What metal is usually used for sacrificial method (rusting)

A

Zinc.

48
Q

What happens when something is oxidized and reduced?

A

Oxidation is the gain of oxygen.

Reduction is the loss of oxygen.

49
Q

What properties do iron, aluminum, copper have in common?

A 
They are dense and lustrous. 
High melting points (iron- 1538C. Aluminum- 660C. Copper- 1085C)
Hugh tensile strength.
Malleable.
Good conductors of electricity and heat.
50
Q

Where on the scale are acids and alkalis?

What is the Ph of pure water?

A

Acids are from 0-6
Alkalis are from 8-14.

Ph of pure water is 7. Neutral.

51
Q

What color does litmus paper turn in presence of acid, alkali and neutral solutions?

A

Litmus paper turns red in acidic solutions. Blue in alkaline solutions. And purple in neutral.

52
Q

What color does phenolphthalein turn in acidic and alkaline solutions?
Methyl orange?

A

It will turn from colorless in acidic solutions to bright pink in alkaline solutions.
Methyl orange changes from red in acidic solutions to yellow in alkaline solutions.

53
Q

Flame tests. What colors do lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, copper.

A 
Lithium burns with a red flame.
Sodium burns with a yellow flame.
Potassium burns with a lilac flame.
Calcium burns with a orange red flame.
Copper burns with a blue green flame.
54
Q

What color precipitate does copper (II)
Iron II
Iron III give off?

A

Copper makes a blue precipitate,
Iron 2 makes a sludgy green
Iron 3 makes a reddish brown.

55
Q

Exothermic and endothermic…explain what happens in both reactions.

A

Exothermic reaction is one that gives out energy to the surroundings, usually in the form of heat and usually shown by a rise in temperature of the surroundings.

Endothermic reaction is one which takes energy in from the surroundings, usually in the form of heat and usually shown by a fall in temperate in the surroundings.

56
Q

What is change in energy called?

A

The over all change in energy is called the ENTHALPY change

57
Q

Equation for heat energy transferred

A

Q = m x c x T

Q : heat energy transferred
m: mass of liquid being heated
c: specific heat capacity
T: change in temperature of the liquid

58
Q

What four things do rate of reaction depend on

A

Temperature
Surface area
Concentration of a solution or the pressure of gas
Presence of a catalyst

59
Q

Rate if reaction formula

A

Rate of reaction = amount of reactant used or amount of product formed / time

60
Q

General Formula

A

An algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

CnH2n ( for all alkenes)

61
Q

Empirical formula

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

CH2

62
Q

Molecular formula

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a compound

C2H4

63
Q

Displayed formula

A

Shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them

64
Q

Structural formula

A

Shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon with attached hydrogen ps and functional groups
CH2CH2

65
Q

Give the correlating stem for the number of carbons from 1 - 6

A 
Meth- 1
Eth- 2
Prop- 3
But - 4
Pent - 5
Hex - 6
66
Q

What are isomers?

A

Two molecules are isomers of one another if they have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently.

67
Q

Give reasons why carbon dioxide can be collected by downward delivery in air

A

It is dense

68
Q

Give the balanced equation for reaction between sodium and water

A

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) = 2NaOH(am) + H2(g)

69
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Homologous series is a group of compounds that can all be represented by the same general formula.

70
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A functional group is a group of atoms that determine how a compound typically reacts.

71
Q

Give the word equation of complete combustion of a hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water

72
Q

Give the general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+ 2

73
Q

Give the general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

74
Q

Explain what saturated and unsaturated molecules are

A

Unsaturated molecules can make more than two bonds.

Saturated molecules can only make two bonds.

75
Q

Name the first four alcohols

A

Propanol, ethanol, butanol, methanol

equations and key points triple science (3 decks)

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