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Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

How are elements arranged in the periodic table?

A

Increasing atomic number

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2
Q

What group are the alkali metals?

A

1

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3
Q

What group are the alkaline earth metals?

A

2

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4
Q

What group are the halogens?

A

17

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5
Q

What group are the noble gases?

A

18

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6
Q

As you go down a metal group, what happens to reactivity?

A

It increaes

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7
Q

As you go down a non-metal group, what happens to reactivity?

A

Decreases

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8
Q

How are new substances formed in a chemical reaction?

A

Atoms and electrons are rearranged

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9
Q

What are the three factors that affect the position of an equilibrium?

A

Concentration, temperature, pressure

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10
Q

What can Avogadro’s number be used to calculate?

A

The number of particles in one mole of a substance

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11
Q

How do you calculate concentration?

A

Either mass or moles divided by volume

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12
Q

How to calculate percentage yield

A

(Actual yield/predicted yield) x 100

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13
Q

How do you calculate solubility?

A

Divide the mass of the solute by the mass of the solvent and multiply by 100

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14
Q

What is a saturated solution?

A

A solution where no more solute can be dissolved in the solvent

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15
Q

What are physical processes used for?

A

Separating mixtures

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16
Q

What are chemical processes used for?

A

Displacing elements from compounds`

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17
Q

What are miscible liquids?

A

A ‘mixable’ liquid

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18
Q

How to tell if a substance is pure using chromatography

A

There will only be one line produced

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19
Q

What type of reaction is the neutralization of a base and an acid?

A

Exothermic

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20
Q

What will be produced when the oxides of most non-metals react with water?

A

An acidic solution

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21
Q

What type of reaction is bond breaking?

A

Endothermic

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22
Q

What type of reaction is bond making?

A

Exothermic

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23
Q

What is an electrode?

A

A conductor through which electricity can travel

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24
Q

What is a cathode?

A

The negative electrode

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25
What is an anode?
The positive electrode
26
What kind of current is used in electrolysis?
Direct
27
Why can't alternating current be used in electrolysis?
The cathode and anode would be constantly changing
28
What happens at the cathode?
The cations are reduced
29
What happens at the anode?
The anions are oxidized
30
How is electrolysis used in electroplating?
Electricity flows through the electrolyte, separating it | These atoms form a thin layer on top of the electrodes
31
What is the main source of hydrocarbons?
Crude oil
32
How is crude oil separated?
Fractional distillation
33
What is the test for hydrogen?
A squeaky pop
34
What is the test for oxygen?
Relights a glowing splint
35
What is the test for carbon dioxide?
Lime water turns cloudy
36
What is the test for chlorine?
Bleaches litmus paper white
37
What colour precipitate do Al3+, Ca2+ and Mg 2+ form in NaOH?
White
38
What colour precipitate does Cu2+ form in NaOH?
Blue
39
What colour precipitate does Fe2+ form in NaOH?
Green
40
What colour precipitate does Fe3+ form in NaOH?
Brown
41
What is the flame test for Li?
Crimson
42
What is the flame test for Na?
Yellow
43
What is the flame test for K?
Lilac
44
What is the flame test for Ca?
Red-orange
45
What is the flame test for Cu?
Green
46
What is the test for water?
Anhydrous copper (II) sulfate turns from white to blue
47
What is the reactivity of a metal related to?
Its tendency to form positive ions and the ease of extraction of the metal
48
Describe three common properties of transition metals
They are able to form stable ions with different oxidation states They form coloured compounds Often used as catalysts
49
What type of reaction is the extraction of metals?
Reduction
50
What are metal ores?
The oxides of metals
51
What is the general formula of alcohols?
Cn H2n+1 OH
52
General formula of carboxylic acids
Cn H2n+1 COOH
53
Are carboxylic acids strong or weak?
Weak
54
How are esters produced?
Carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst
55
How can the components of air be separated?
Fractional distillation
56
What are the four gases found in the air?
Nitrogen (78%) Oxygen (21%) Argon (1%) CO2 (0.04%)
57
How is CO2 released?
When fossil fuels and organic matter are burned
58
How is methane produced?
From swamps, landfill and rice paddies
59
Consequences of increased greenhouse gases
Rising sea levels, increased extreme weather, increased temperature
60
How is carbon monoxide formed?
The incomplete combustion of organic fuels
61
What impact does carbon monoxide have on the environment?
Can cause respiratory illnesses in people and increases greenhouse gas concentration
62
How is sulfur dioxide formed?
Sulfur appears as an impurity in many fuels
63
How does sulfur dioxide impact the environment?
It dissolves in rain to form sulfuric acid, which corrodes certain stones and can kill aquatic animals
64
How are nitrous oxides formed?
Nitrogen-based fertilisers and burning fossil fuels
65
What impact does nitrous oxide have on the environment?
Form nitric acid = acid rain
66
Why is fluorine included in drinking water?
Reduces tooth decay
67
Why is chlorine added to drinking water?
Kills bacteria in the water
68
What is a biodegradable polymer?
One which can be broken down by microorganisms
69
How do alcohols react with sodium?
They produce hydrogen gas and a salt (sodium alkoxide) | Much slower than the reaction of sodium with water
70
What is produced when alcohols react with carboxylic acids?
Esters
71
Why are alloys made?
To produce materials with specific properties
72
What is a homologous series?
A family of compounds with the same general formula
73
What is a functional group?
The group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
74
What is complete combustion?
A compound is burnt in plentiful oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water
75
What is incomplete combustion?
A compound is burnt in limited oxygen supplies to produce carbon, carbon monoxide and water
76
What is the molecular formula?
The number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule
77
What is the structural formula?
Uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
78
What is the condensed structural formula?
The atoms are listed in the order they appear on the molecule's structure, e.g. CH3CH2CH3
79
What is structural isomerism?
Same molecule formula, different arrangement of atoms in space
80
As chain length increases, what happens to the boiling point?
As the chain length increases, the molecule has a larger surface area and there is more surface contact = stronger London forces
81
As chain length increases, what happens to viscosity?
The viscosity increases (thicker)
82
As chain length increases, what happens to flammability?
Decreases, burns with a smokier flame
83
At STP, how much volume does one mole of a gas occupy?
22.4 litres
84
Which two molecules are known for having giant structures?
SiO2 and SiC

BMAT (3 decks)

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