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BMAT > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

How are elements arranged in the periodic table?

A

Increasing atomic number

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2
Q

What group are the alkali metals?

A

1

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3
Q

What group are the alkaline earth metals?

A

2

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4
Q

What group are the halogens?

A

17

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5
Q

What group are the noble gases?

A

18

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6
Q

As you go down a metal group, what happens to reactivity?

A

It increaes

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7
Q

As you go down a non-metal group, what happens to reactivity?

A

Decreases

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8
Q

How are new substances formed in a chemical reaction?

A

Atoms and electrons are rearranged

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9
Q

What are the three factors that affect the position of an equilibrium?

A

Concentration, temperature, pressure

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10
Q

What can Avogadro’s number be used to calculate?

A

The number of particles in one mole of a substance

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11
Q

How do you calculate concentration?

A

Either mass or moles divided by volume

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12
Q

How to calculate percentage yield

A

(Actual yield/predicted yield) x 100

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13
Q

How do you calculate solubility?

A

Divide the mass of the solute by the mass of the solvent and multiply by 100

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14
Q

What is a saturated solution?

A

A solution where no more solute can be dissolved in the solvent

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15
Q

What are physical processes used for?

A

Separating mixtures

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16
Q

What are chemical processes used for?

A

Displacing elements from compounds`

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17
Q

What are miscible liquids?

A

A ‘mixable’ liquid

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18
Q

How to tell if a substance is pure using chromatography

A

There will only be one line produced

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19
Q

What type of reaction is the neutralization of a base and an acid?

A

Exothermic

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20
Q

What will be produced when the oxides of most non-metals react with water?

A

An acidic solution

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21
Q

What type of reaction is bond breaking?

A

Endothermic

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22
Q

What type of reaction is bond making?

A

Exothermic

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23
Q

What is an electrode?

A

A conductor through which electricity can travel

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24
Q

What is a cathode?

A

The negative electrode

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25
Q

What is an anode?

A

The positive electrode

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26
Q

What kind of current is used in electrolysis?

A

Direct

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27
Q

Why can’t alternating current be used in electrolysis?

A

The cathode and anode would be constantly changing

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28
Q

What happens at the cathode?

A

The cations are reduced

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29
Q

What happens at the anode?

A

The anions are oxidized

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30
Q

How is electrolysis used in electroplating?

A

Electricity flows through the electrolyte, separating it

These atoms form a thin layer on top of the electrodes

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31
Q

What is the main source of hydrocarbons?

A

Crude oil

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32
Q

How is crude oil separated?

A

Fractional distillation

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33
Q

What is the test for hydrogen?

A

A squeaky pop

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34
Q

What is the test for oxygen?

A

Relights a glowing splint

35
Q

What is the test for carbon dioxide?

A

Lime water turns cloudy

36
Q

What is the test for chlorine?

A

Bleaches litmus paper white

37
Q

What colour precipitate do Al3+, Ca2+ and Mg 2+ form in NaOH?

38
Q

What colour precipitate does Cu2+ form in NaOH?

39
Q

What colour precipitate does Fe2+ form in NaOH?

40
Q

What colour precipitate does Fe3+ form in NaOH?

41
Q

What is the flame test for Li?

42
Q

What is the flame test for Na?

43
Q

What is the flame test for K?

44
Q

What is the flame test for Ca?

A

Red-orange

45
Q

What is the flame test for Cu?

46
Q

What is the test for water?

A

Anhydrous copper (II) sulfate turns from white to blue

47
Q

What is the reactivity of a metal related to?

A

Its tendency to form positive ions and the ease of extraction of the metal

48
Q

Describe three common properties of transition metals

A

They are able to form stable ions with different oxidation states
They form coloured compounds
Often used as catalysts

49
Q

What type of reaction is the extraction of metals?

50
Q

What are metal ores?

A

The oxides of metals

51
Q

What is the general formula of alcohols?

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

52
Q

General formula of carboxylic acids

A

Cn H2n+1 COOH

53
Q

Are carboxylic acids strong or weak?

54
Q

How are esters produced?

A

Carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst

55
Q

How can the components of air be separated?

A

Fractional distillation

56
Q

What are the four gases found in the air?

A

Nitrogen (78%)
Oxygen (21%)
Argon (1%)
CO2 (0.04%)

57
Q

How is CO2 released?

A

When fossil fuels and organic matter are burned

58
Q

How is methane produced?

A

From swamps, landfill and rice paddies

59
Q

Consequences of increased greenhouse gases

A

Rising sea levels, increased extreme weather, increased temperature

60
Q

How is carbon monoxide formed?

A

The incomplete combustion of organic fuels

61
Q

What impact does carbon monoxide have on the environment?

A

Can cause respiratory illnesses in people and increases greenhouse gas concentration

62
Q

How is sulfur dioxide formed?

A

Sulfur appears as an impurity in many fuels

63
Q

How does sulfur dioxide impact the environment?

A

It dissolves in rain to form sulfuric acid, which corrodes certain stones and can kill aquatic animals

64
Q

How are nitrous oxides formed?

A

Nitrogen-based fertilisers and burning fossil fuels

65
Q

What impact does nitrous oxide have on the environment?

A

Form nitric acid = acid rain

66
Q

Why is fluorine included in drinking water?

A

Reduces tooth decay

67
Q

Why is chlorine added to drinking water?

A

Kills bacteria in the water

68
Q

What is a biodegradable polymer?

A

One which can be broken down by microorganisms

69
Q

How do alcohols react with sodium?

A

They produce hydrogen gas and a salt (sodium alkoxide)

Much slower than the reaction of sodium with water

70
Q

What is produced when alcohols react with carboxylic acids?

71
Q

Why are alloys made?

A

To produce materials with specific properties

72
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of compounds with the same general formula

73
Q

What is a functional group?

A

The group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

74
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

A compound is burnt in plentiful oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water

75
Q

What is incomplete combustion?

A

A compound is burnt in limited oxygen supplies to produce carbon, carbon monoxide and water

76
Q

What is the molecular formula?

A

The number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule

77
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

Uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

78
Q

What is the condensed structural formula?

A

The atoms are listed in the order they appear on the molecule’s structure, e.g. CH3CH2CH3

79
Q

What is structural isomerism?

A

Same molecule formula, different arrangement of atoms in space

80
Q

As chain length increases, what happens to the boiling point?

A

As the chain length increases, the molecule has a larger surface area and there is more surface contact
= stronger London forces

81
Q

As chain length increases, what happens to viscosity?

A

The viscosity increases (thicker)

82
Q

As chain length increases, what happens to flammability?

A

Decreases, burns with a smokier flame

83
Q

At STP, how much volume does one mole of a gas occupy?

A

22.4 litres

84
Q

Which two molecules are known for having giant structures?

A

SiO2 and SiC

BMAT (3 decks)

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