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BMAT > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

describe diamond

A
  • each carbon make 4 covalent bonds

- used in cutting tools and jewelry

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2
Q

describe graphite

A
  • each carbon makes 3 bonds
  • arranged in layers which can slide
  • one electron from each atom is delocalised so is good conductor
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3
Q

alkali metal + water —

A

metal hydroxide + hydrogen

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4
Q

alkali metal + oxygen —

A

metal oxide

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5
Q

state the use for argon

A

filament lamps

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6
Q

state use for helium

A

floating balloons

airships

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7
Q

what is a metal ore ?

A

rock with enough metal to make it economically viable to extract

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8
Q

what are the 3 ways to extract a metal from its ore ?

A
  • reduction with carbon
  • electrolysis
  • displacement reaction
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9
Q

how are metals extracted by reduction with carbon ?

A

react with carbon (smelt), oxygen will bond with the carbon

only works with less reactive metals than carbon

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10
Q

why is copper extracted by reduction not used for electrical wiring ?

A

this method makes impure copper, reducing the conductivity

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11
Q

how does electrolysis work ?

A
  • compound dissolved in water conducts (electrolyte)

- ions go to the electrodes and gain / lose electrons to become atoms

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12
Q

what is the negative electrode called ?

A

cathode (gives electrons)

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13
Q

what is the positive electrode called ?

A

anode (accepts electrons)

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14
Q

when is electrolysis used ?

A
  • high profits (expensive process)

- metal is more reactive than carbon

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15
Q

describe the properties / uses of copper

A
  • good conductors so electrical wires
  • hard but can be bent
  • can’t react with water (less reactive than hydrogen)
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16
Q

describe the properties / uses of aluminium

A
  • corrosion-resistant and low density
  • forms hard alloys
  • used in planes
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17
Q

describe the properties / uses of titanium

A
  • corrosion-resistant, low density, very strong

- replacement hips

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18
Q

why are alloys generally harder ?

A

different sized atoms make it harder to slide past each other

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19
Q

what is crude oil ?

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons

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20
Q

what is an electrophile ?

A

electron pair acceptor

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21
Q

what is a nucleophile ?

A

electron pair donor

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22
Q

what is the most common example of electrophilic addition ?

A

alkene and bromine

orange bromine water to colourless

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23
Q

how do you name a polymer ?

A

poly (monomer name)

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24
Q

what is nomenclature ?

A

naming organic compounds

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25
Q

what is the ‘dripping’ equipment used in titration called ?

A

burette

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26
Q

what does volatile mean ?

A

easily evaporated

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27
Q

what is a monoprotic acid?

A

gives one H+ per molecules when dissociates (hydrochloric acid)

28
Q

what is a diprotic acid?

A

gives two H+ (sulfuric acid)

29
Q

what is a triprotic acid?

A

gives 3 H+ (phosphoric acid)

30
Q

what is the relationship between conductivity and weak/strong acids ?

A

the stronger the acid, the more conductive it is due to increased conc of ions

31
Q

give the method for making insoluble salts

A
  • mix two soluble salts

- filter, wash, dry

32
Q

give the method for making soluble salt from insoluble base and acid

A
  • react until all acid has been neutralised

- filter, crystalise salt

33
Q

give method for making soluble salt from soluble base (alkali) and acid

A
  • neutralise acid by titration

- warm salt solution to get crystals

34
Q

metal + acid —

A

salt + hydrogen

35
Q

what is a disproportionate reaction ?

A

element is both oxidised and reduced in same reaction

36
Q

what is the equation for iron rusting ?

A

Iron + oxygen + water — hydrated iron(|||) oxide

37
Q

name 5 ways to prevent iron from rusting

A
  • make alloys
  • oiling/greasing/painting
  • galvanise (coated in thin layer of zinc)
  • sacrificial protection (covered by more reactive metal)
38
Q

Q =

A

mc delta T

39
Q

what is the specific heat capacity of water ?

A

4.2

40
Q

bond breaking is an … process

A

exothermic

41
Q

bond making is an … process

A

endothermic

42
Q

what does Haber process make ?

A

ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen

43
Q

where is the nitrogen and hydrogen (used in Haber process) from ?

A

nitrogen - fractional distillation of liquid air

hydrogen - natural gas

44
Q

what are the conditions for Haber process ?

A

iron catalyst
200 atm
450C

45
Q

give the flame test method

A
  • dip a wire in HCl and rinse with distilled water

- dip in sample and put in blue flame

46
Q

whats the test for chlorine ?

A

will bleach damp litmus paper

47
Q

what is the test for halides ?

A

add silver nitrate, will form a coloured precipitate

48
Q

what is the test for sulfates ?

A

add barium chloride, will form white precipitate

49
Q

Rf =

A

distance by compound / distance by solvent

50
Q

what is an electrolyte ?

A

liquid that contains ions and can conduct electricity

51
Q

how is methanol dangerous ?

A

toxic + can cause blindness if consumed

52
Q

how is ethanol dangerous ?

A

can cause damage to liver and brain

53
Q

are alcohols miscible ?

A

small carbon chains are, solubility decreases as chain length increases

54
Q

what is formed when alcohols react with sodium ?

A

hydrogen and alkoxides

55
Q

state the uses of ethanol

A
  • solvent (perfumes)
  • fuel (spirit burners)
  • ## can be mixed with petrol
56
Q

Ethanol + oxygen —

A

ethanoic acid + water

57
Q

ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate —

A

sodium ethanoate + water + CO2

58
Q

what is electroplating ?

A

process of coating a metal with another using electrolysis

59
Q

for electroplating, what are the anode, cathode and electrolyte ?

A

anode - the outer metal
cathode - the inner metal
electrolyte - outer metal salt solution

60
Q

what is a separating funnel used for ?

A

separating immiscible liquids

61
Q

what is fractional distillation ?

A

separating a liquid mixture into different parts (fractions) due to difference in boiling points

62
Q

what is soft water ?

A

water that contains no calcium/magnesium ions

63
Q

what is difference between permanently and temporarily hard water ?

A

Mg and Ca ions can be removed from temporarily by boiling

64
Q

state two ways of changing hard water to soft

A
  • add washing soda (sodium carbonate)

- pass through ion exchange column

65
Q

what is a hydrogen fuel cell ?

A

hydrogen reacts with oxygen (without burning) to produce water - energy is released from reaction

BMAT (4 decks)

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