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Science Year 9 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is an atom

A

The smallest unit into which matter can be divided

The building blocks of all matter

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2
Q

What is an atom made up of

A

Subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons)

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3
Q

What are protons charge?

A

+1

Positively charged

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4
Q

Where are protons located in an atom

A

In the nucleus

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5
Q

What charge do neutrons have?

A

0

No electric charge

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6
Q

Where are neutrons located in an atom

A

Nucleus

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7
Q

What contributes to the atomic mass of an atom

A

The protons and neutrons

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8
Q

What is the mass of a proton

A

1

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9
Q

What is the mass of a neutron

A

1

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10
Q

What is the mass of an electron

A

1/1800

Basically 0

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11
Q

What is the charge of electrons

A

-1

Negatively charged

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12
Q

Where are electrons found in an atom

A

Outside of the nucleus: in the orbitals/ shells

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13
Q

How many electrons can the first orbital hold?

A

2

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14
Q

How many electrons can the second orbital hold?

A

8

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15
Q

How many electrons can the outside orbital hold

A

8

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16
Q

What is another name for the outside shell?

A

Valence Shell

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17
Q

What is valency

A

The ‘bonding power’ of an element

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18
Q

How is valency determined

A

By the number of outer (valence) electrons

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19
Q

How are elements grouped

A

By their valency

Outer electrons

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20
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

The most stable arrangement of electrons is a full outer shell (2 for the first shell and 8 for the others)

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21
Q

What is the atomic mass equation

A

Number of protons + number of neutrons

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22
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction.

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23
Q

How does a catalyst speed up the chemical reaction?

A

Be lowering the activation energy (EA)

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24
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A reaction releasing energy (as heat)

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25
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

A reaction absorbing energy (as heat)

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26
Q

In a reaction coordinate diagram, what does the delta h represent?

A

The change in energy (enthalpy)

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27
Q

What is radiation?

A

Particles or waves emitted by radioactive substances

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28
Q

What is a Geiger counter?

A

A device for measuring radioactivity

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29
Q

What is combustion?

A

When a substance reacts with oxygen and releases energy

30
Q

What is a fuel?

A

Any substance that reacts with oxygen and releases energy

31
Q

What does universal indicator do

A

It indicates the pH of substances by changing colour in different concentrations of h+ ions

32
Q

What is a substances pH?

A

It’s concentration of H+

33
Q

What are acids?

A

Substances that release H+ ions when they dissolve in water

34
Q

What is a H+ ion?

A

A hydrogen atom that has lost its electron

35
Q

What are bases?

A

Substances that absorb hydrogen ions

36
Q

What is an alkali?

A

A base soluble in water

All alkalis are bases, but not all bases are alkalis

37
Q

What are reactants?

A

The things that go into a chemical reaction

38
Q

What are the products?

A

The things that are made in a chemical reaction

39
Q

What is the law of Conservation of Mass?

A

The mass of the products in a chemical reaction must equal the mass of the reactants

40
Q

What happens to the atomic number and mass number when when an atoms nucleus decays and releases an alpha particle

A

The mass number decreases by 4

The atomic number decreases by 2

41
Q

What happens to the atomic number and mass number when when an atoms nucleus decays and releases a beta particle

A

Mass number stays the same

Atomic number increases by 1

42
Q

What are 4 uses of radiation?

A

X-ray,
Microwave
Radio
Chemotherapy

43
Q

What are the 7 different levels on the electromagnetic spectrum

A

Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays

44
Q

Why are alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays classified as forms of ionising radiation?

A

Because they have the ability to remove electrons from atoms and molecules

45
Q

Why are alpha particles the least dangerous radiation?

A

Cause they are too slow and big to break through things

46
Q

What will make an atom radioactive?

A

The nucleus is unstable and so it emits particles or waves to form a more stable atom

47
Q

What pigment does photosynthesis use to absorb sunlight?

A

Chlorophyll

48
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration is respiration with oxygen and anaerobic is without

49
Q

Which is more effective- aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic is 17x more efficient

50
Q

Metal + acid =

A

Salt and hydrogen

51
Q

Acid and alkali =

A

Salt and water

52
Q

Acid + metal hydroxide

A

Salt and water

53
Q

Acid + metal carbonate

A

Salt + water + carbon dioxide

54
Q

What are acids?

A

Proton donators (release H+ ions)

55
Q

What are bases?

A

Proton acceptors (absorb H+ ions)

56
Q

What is the pH?

A

Measure of the number of H+ ions in a solution

57
Q

Do strong acids have a high or low pH?

A

Strong acids-lower pH

Weak acids- higher pH

58
Q

What is the valency of each element group?

A

1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8

1|2|3|4|3|2|1|0

59
Q

What are ions?

A

Charged atoms

60
Q

How are ions formed?

A

When electrons move from one atom to another

61
Q

What determines whether an ion is positive or negative?

A

If an electron leaves then that atom becomes a positive ion (cation)
If an atom gains an electron it becomes a negative anion (anion)

62
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance made up of only one type of atom

E.g. hydrogen H

63
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance that is made up of 2 or more different types of atom chemically joined
E.g. water H2O

64
Q

How do you find out the chemical formula

A

S- Substance |. Be C
V- Valency |. 2 4
S- Swap |. 4 2
D- Divide |. 2 1
F-formula |. Be2Cl

65
Q

What is the chemical formula for lithium and boron?

A

Li3B

66
Q

What do you call a positive ion

A

Cation

67
Q

What do you call a negative ion

A

Anion

68
Q

What is the chemical formula for sulphuric acid?

A

H2SO4

69
Q

What is the formula for hydrochloric acid

A

HCI

70
Q

What is the chemical formula for phosphoric acid

A

H3PO4

Science Year 9 (4 decks)

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