Biology Flashcards
What are the 4 characteristics of all respiratory organs?
- large surface area
- moistened surface to dissolve oxygen
- thin and freely permeable to gases
- transport system to cells
What do anabolic reactions do?
Form bonds between molecules
What do catabolic reactions do?
Break bonds between molecules
E.g. digestion
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts (Increases rate of biological reaction, but does not get used up)
What 5 things do all circulatory systems have?
fluid Pump to push fluid Vessels to distribute blood Exchange organs Transport of oxygen + carbon doixide to and from Gas exchange organ
What is the difference between venom and poison?
Poison-can just be in contact
Venom-has to be injected
What is the function of the circulatory system?
- carry digested food to areas in the body that need it
- carry oxygen from gas exchange organ to the rest of the body
- aid in disposal of waste from the body
- distribute heat
- fight diseases using white blood cells
8 parts of the endocrine system
- pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- adrenal glands
- testicles
- pineal gland
- parathyroid glands
- pancreas
- ovaries
What are enzymes?
Chemical messengers
How do enzymes travel?
Through the bloodstream
What do enzymes do?
Bind to the cell and change the way it acts
Features of arteries
- carry blood away from the heart
- have a pulse
- thick walls
- deep under skin
- no valves
Features of veins
- carry blood to the heart
- don’t have a pulse
- thin walls
- near surface of skin
- valves to stop back-flow of blood
Features of capillaries
- small blood vessels acting as veins and arteries
- walls 1 cell thick so substances can get through them
What is a substrate?
A reactant which binds to an enzyme
What is a product (enzymes)
End result of a chemical reaction between enzyme and substrate
What are the properties of enzymes?
- reaction specific
- not consumed in reaction, can be used to catalyse thousands of reactions per second
What are carbohydrates, lipids and proteins broken down into?
Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose
Lipids are broken down into fatty acids
Proteins are broken down into amino acids
What is a respiratory surface?
the membrane which gas exchange occurs across and is responsible for the diffusion of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of the blood
Types of gas exchange
- Round, ordinary cell
- flat cell
- external gills
- internal gills
- lungs
- trachea
Why should you breath through your nose?
When air is breathed through the nose, it is:
- warmed by capillaries in nostrils
- moistened by mucus
- cleaned and filtered by hair, mucus and saliva
Gas exchange in insects
- oxygen enters spiracles, travels to trachea and then through tracheoles to reach body cells
- Insects have a substance called hemolymph in place of blood
Gas exchange in fish
- Oxygen is dissolved in ocean water
- Gills move forward and process oxygen to allow respiration
What is good about an open system
- Less metabolic energy to build
- Less metabolic energy to run
- Can function as a hydrostatic
Most invertebrates have open systems, (some have closed)
What is good about a closed system?
- Maintain higher pressure
- Supply more oxygen
- Better transport systems
All vertebrates have closed systems
What is the heart?
the internal organ which pumps the blood through the circulatory system by rhythmic contraction and dilation.
How many chambers does a mammal’s heart have?
4
How many chambers do bird’s hearts have?
4 (no link)
How many chambers does a fish’s heart have?
2
How many chambers does a reptiles heart have?
3
How many chambers does an amphibians heart have?
3 (no link)
How does the nervous system coordinate a response?
- a stimulus is detected within the body
- An electrical impulse is sent to the brain
- Brain processes the information
- an electrical impulse is sent to an effector (muscle)
- The effector produces a response
