Chemistry

Question 1

What is the lowest level of structural organization?

Answer 1

The chemical level

Question 2

How much of one’s body weight is made up by water?

Answer 2

Nearly 2/3 (textbook pg. 27)

Question 3

Give an example of a solid in the body

Answer 3

Bones and teeth

Question 4

Give an example of a liquid in the body

Answer 4

Blood plasma

Question 5

Give an example of a gas in the body

Answer 5

Oxygen (O2), Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Question 6

How many chemical elements are normally present in the body?

Answer 6

26 (textbook pg. 28)

Question 7

What are the major elements of the body?

Answer 7

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (CHON)

Question 8

How much of the body’s mass is made up by the four major elements?

Answer 8

96%

Question 9

What percentage of body mass is made up by the eight lesser elements?

Answer 9

3.6%

Question 10

What percentage of body mass is made up by the fourteen trace elements?

Answer 10

0.4%

Question 11

What element makes up the highest percentage of body mass?

Answer 11

Oxygen

Question 12

What percent of body mass is made up by oxygen?

Answer 12

65%

Question 13

What percentage of body mass is made up by Carbon?

Answer 13

18.5%

Question 14

What percentage of body mass is made up by hydrogen?

Answer 14

9.5%

Question 15

What percentage of body mass is made up by nitrogen?

Answer 15

3.2%

Question 16

Where is iron found in the body?

Answer 16

Hemoglobin and some enzymes

Question 17

How does the body use magnesium?

Answer 17

Magnesium is used for the action of many enzymes

Question 18

What is the most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid?

Answer 18

Chlorine

Question 19

What is the most plentiful cation in extracellular fluid?

Answer 19

Sodium (Na)

Question 20

Where is sulfur found in the body?

Answer 20

Sulfur is in some vitamins and many proteins

Question 21

What is the most plentiful cation in intracellular fluid?

Answer 21

Potassium (K)

Question 22

Where is phosphorus found in the body?

Answer 22

Phosphorus is in nucleic acids, ATP, bones, and teeth.

Question 23

What is the most plentiful lesser element?

Answer 23

Calcium

Question 24

How does the body use calcium?

Answer 24

Ca contributes to:

• bone/tooth hardness
• blood clotting
• the release of some hormones
• muscle contraction
• many other processes

Question 25

What is the most massive element in the human body?

Answer 25

Iodine

Question 26

What is an isotope?

Answer 26

An atom of an element with a different number of NEUTRONS

Question 27

What is a tracer?

Answer 27

A radioisotope that follows the movement of certain substances through the body

Question 28

What tracer is used to monitor blood flow through the heart during an exercise stress test?

Answer 28

Thallium-201

Question 29

What radioisotope is used to detect/treat thyroid cancer?

Answer 29

Iodine-131

Question 30

What radioisotope is used to treat advanced cervical cancer?

Answer 30

Cesium-137

Question 31

What radioisotope is used to treat prostate cancer?

Answer 31

Iridium-192

Question 32

What is an ion?

Answer 32

An atom with a positive or negative charge because it has unequal numbers of protons and electrons

Question 33

What is a free radical?

Answer 33

An atom/group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outer shell - unstable - highly reactive - destructive to nearby molecules

Question 34

How does the body receive free radicals?

Answer 34

- UV rays - Exposure to X-rays - some normal metabolic processes - Contact with certain harmful substances

Question 35

What are some diseases, disorders, and conditions linked to free radicals?

Answer 35

- Cancer - Atherosclerosis - Alzheimer's - Emphysema - Diabetes mellitus - Cataracts - Macular degeneration - Rheumatoid arthritis - Aging

Question 36

What is a common free radical?

Answer 36

Superoxide (O2-)

Question 37

What is an antioxidant?

Answer 37

A substance that inactivates oxygen-derived free radicals | -Thought to slow the pace of damage caused by free radicals

Question 38

What are some important dietary antioxidants?

Answer 38

Selenium, zinc, beta-carotene, vitamins C and E

Question 39

What foods contain high levels of antioxidants?

Answer 39

Red, blue, or purple fruits

Question 40

What bond holds ions with opposite charges together?

Answer 40

An ionic bond

Question 41

What is a cation?

Answer 41

A positively charged ion 😊 | (Electrons

Question 42

What is an anion?

Answer 42

A negatively charged ion 🙁 | Electrons>protons

Question 43

What is an ionic compound that breaks into positive and negative ions in a solution?

Answer 43

An electrolyte

Question 44

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 44

A bond where 2+ atoms share electrons

Question 45

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 45

A hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge (δ+) attracts the partial negative charge (δ-) of neighboring atoms

Question 46

What is the tendency of like particles to stay together?

Answer 46

Cohesion

Question 47

What bond contributes to the surface tension of water?

Answer 47

Hydrogen bonds

Question 48

How many molecules of ATP can be made from one molecule of glucose?

Answer 48

32