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WHOOOO HOSA BOWL!! > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lowest level of structural organization?

A

The chemical level

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2
Q

How much of one’s body weight is made up by water?

A

Nearly 2/3 (textbook pg. 27)

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3
Q

Give an example of a solid in the body

A

Bones and teeth

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4
Q

Give an example of a liquid in the body

A

Blood plasma

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5
Q

Give an example of a gas in the body

A

Oxygen (O2), Carbon dioxide (CO2)

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6
Q

How many chemical elements are normally present in the body?

A

26 (textbook pg. 28)

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7
Q

What are the major elements of the body?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (CHON)

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8
Q

How much of the body’s mass is made up by the four major elements?

A

96%

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9
Q

What percentage of body mass is made up by the eight lesser elements?

A

3.6%

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10
Q

What percentage of body mass is made up by the fourteen trace elements?

A

0.4%

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11
Q

What element makes up the highest percentage of body mass?

A

Oxygen

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12
Q

What percent of body mass is made up by oxygen?

A

65%

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13
Q

What percentage of body mass is made up by Carbon?

A

18.5%

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14
Q

What percentage of body mass is made up by hydrogen?

A

9.5%

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15
Q

What percentage of body mass is made up by nitrogen?

A

3.2%

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16
Q

Where is iron found in the body?

A

Hemoglobin and some enzymes

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17
Q

How does the body use magnesium?

A

Magnesium is used for the action of many enzymes

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18
Q

What is the most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid?

A

Chlorine

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19
Q

What is the most plentiful cation in extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium (Na)

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20
Q

Where is sulfur found in the body?

A

Sulfur is in some vitamins and many proteins

21
Q

What is the most plentiful cation in intracellular fluid?

A

Potassium (K)

22
Q

Where is phosphorus found in the body?

A

Phosphorus is in nucleic acids, ATP, bones, and teeth.

23
Q

What is the most plentiful lesser element?

A

Calcium

24
Q

How does the body use calcium?

A

Ca contributes to:

  • bone/tooth hardness
  • blood clotting
  • the release of some hormones
  • muscle contraction
  • many other processes
25
Q

What is the most massive element in the human body?

A

Iodine

26
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An atom of an element with a different number of NEUTRONS

27
Q

What is a tracer?

A

A radioisotope that follows the movement of certain substances through the body

28
Q

What tracer is used to monitor blood flow through the heart during an exercise stress test?

A

Thallium-201

29
Q

What radioisotope is used to detect/treat thyroid cancer?

A

Iodine-131

30
Q

What radioisotope is used to treat advanced cervical cancer?

A

Cesium-137

31
Q

What radioisotope is used to treat prostate cancer?

A

Iridium-192

32
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom with a positive or negative charge because it has unequal numbers of protons and electrons

33
Q

What is a free radical?

A

An atom/group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outer shell

  • unstable
  • highly reactive
  • destructive to nearby molecules
34
Q

How does the body receive free radicals?

A
  • UV rays
  • Exposure to X-rays
  • some normal metabolic processes
  • Contact with certain harmful substances
35
Q

What are some diseases, disorders, and conditions linked to free radicals?

A
  • Cancer
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Alzheimer’s
  • Emphysema
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Cataracts
  • Macular degeneration
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Aging
36
Q

What is a common free radical?

A

Superoxide (O2-)

37
Q

What is an antioxidant?

A

A substance that inactivates oxygen-derived free radicals

-Thought to slow the pace of damage caused by free radicals

38
Q

What are some important dietary antioxidants?

A

Selenium, zinc, beta-carotene, vitamins C and E

39
Q

What foods contain high levels of antioxidants?

A

Red, blue, or purple fruits

40
Q

What bond holds ions with opposite charges together?

A

An ionic bond

41
Q

What is a cation?

A

A positively charged ion 😊

(Electrons

42
Q

What is an anion?

A

A negatively charged ion 🙁

Electrons>protons

43
Q

What is an ionic compound that breaks into positive and negative ions in a solution?

A

An electrolyte

44
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A bond where 2+ atoms share electrons

45
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge (δ+) attracts the partial negative charge (δ-) of neighboring atoms

46
Q

What is the tendency of like particles to stay together?

A

Cohesion

47
Q

What bond contributes to the surface tension of water?

A

Hydrogen bonds

48
Q

How many molecules of ATP can be made from one molecule of glucose?

A

32

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