Chemistry 4.1 - Keywords Flashcards
What is meant by a general formula?
The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series for
e.g. for an alkane: CnH2n+2
What is meant by a structural formula?
the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
e.g. for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3
What is meant by a displayed formula?
The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them
What is meant by a skeletal formula?
The simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a
carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
What is meant by a homologous series?
A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member
differing by CH2
What is meant by a functional group?
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
What is meant by aliphatic
A compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings
What is meant by cyclic?
An aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains
What is meant by aromatic?
A compound containing a benzene ring
What is meant by saturated?
single carbon–carbon bonds only
What is meant by unsaturated?
The presence of multiple carbon–carbon bonds, including C=C, C≢C and aromatic rings
What is meant by an alkane?
A basic molecule made out of carbon and hydrogen atoms ONLY (C-C bonds)
What is meant by an alkene?
A basic molecule made out of carbon and hydrogen atoms ONLY (C=C bonds)
What is meant by a structural isomer?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae/arrangement)
- words formulae/arrangement are interchangeable, you’ll still get the mark
What is meant by stereo-isomerism?
Organic compounds with the same molecular formula and structural formula but having different arrangement in space
Define cis-trans isomerism?
A type of E/Z isomerism in which the two substituent groups attached to both carbon atoms of the C=C bond are the SAME.
Define E/Z isomerism
A type of stereo-isomerism caused by the restricted rotation around the double bond - two different groups are attached to both carbon atoms of the C=C double bond
What is meant homolytic fission?
Each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair forming TWO radicals.
What is meant heterolytic fission?
One bonding atom receives BOTH electrons from the bonding pair, forming TWO ions
What is meant by a radical?
a species with an unpaired
electron
What is meant free radical substitution?
An atom that has one electron that is unpaired in its outer shell and that was created from a molecule that was split using UV light or any source of high energy radiation
What is meant Initiation (Birth) ?
2 radicals, made via homolytic fission using UV light
What is meant Propagation (Youth) ?
1 radical and 1 non - radical reacting together creating a CHAIN REACTION
What is meant Termination (Death) ?
2 radicals react to form a non - radical
