Chemistry 4.1 - Keywords

Question 1

What is meant by a general formula?

Answer 1

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series for

e.g. for an alkane: CnH2n+2

Question 2

What is meant by a structural formula?

Answer 2

the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

e.g. for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3

Question 3

What is meant by a displayed formula?

Answer 3

The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

Question 4

What is meant by a skeletal formula?

Answer 4

The simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a
carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

Question 5

What is meant by a homologous series?

Answer 5

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member
differing by CH2

Question 6

What is meant by a functional group?

Answer 6

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

Question 7

What is meant by aliphatic

Answer 7

A compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings

Question 8

What is meant by cyclic?

Answer 8

An aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

Question 9

What is meant by aromatic?

Answer 9

A compound containing a benzene ring

Question 10

What is meant by saturated?

Answer 10

single carbon–carbon bonds only

Question 11

What is meant by unsaturated?

Answer 11

The presence of multiple carbon–carbon bonds, including C=C, C≢C and aromatic rings

Question 12

What is meant by an alkane?

Answer 12

A basic molecule made out of carbon and hydrogen atoms ONLY (C-C bonds)

Question 13

What is meant by an alkene?

Answer 13

A basic molecule made out of carbon and hydrogen atoms ONLY (C=C bonds)

Question 14

What is meant by a structural isomer?

Answer 14

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae/arrangement)

• words formulae/arrangement are interchangeable, you’ll still get the mark

Question 15

What is meant by stereo-isomerism?

Answer 15

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula and structural formula but having different arrangement in space

Question 16

Define cis-trans isomerism?

Answer 16

A type of E/Z isomerism in which the two substituent groups attached to both carbon atoms of the C=C bond are the SAME.

Question 17

Define E/Z isomerism

Answer 17

A type of stereo-isomerism caused by the restricted rotation around the double bond - two different groups are attached to both carbon atoms of the C=C double bond

Question 18

What is meant homolytic fission?

Answer 18

Each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair forming TWO radicals.

Question 19

What is meant heterolytic fission?

Answer 19

One bonding atom receives BOTH electrons from the bonding pair, forming TWO ions

Question 20

What is meant by a radical?

Answer 20

a species with an unpaired

electron

Question 21

What is meant free radical substitution?

Answer 21

An atom that has one electron that is unpaired in its outer shell and that was created from a molecule that was split using UV light or any source of high energy radiation

Question 22

What is meant Initiation (Birth) ?

Answer 22

2 radicals, made via homolytic fission using UV light

Question 23

What is meant Propagation (Youth) ?

Answer 23

1 radical and 1 non - radical reacting together creating a CHAIN REACTION

Question 24

What is meant Termination (Death) ?

Answer 24

2 radicals react to form a non - radical

Question 25

What is meant by a sigma bond?

Answer 25

A covalent bond resulting from the formation of a molecular orbital by the end-to-end overlap of atomic orbitals

Question 26

What is meant by a pi bond?

Answer 26

A covalent bond resulting from the formation of a molecular orbital by the side-to-side overlap of atomic orbitals along a plane perpendicular to a line connecting the nuclei of the atoms

Question 27

What is meant by cis?

Answer 27

Groups/atoms are on the SAME SIDE of the double bond

Question 28

What is meant by trans?

Answer 28

Groups/atoms are on OPPOSITE SIDES across the double bond

Question 29

What is meant by an electrophile?

Answer 29

An electron pair acceptors

Question 30

What is meant by a nucleophile?

Answer 30

An electron pair donors

Question 31

What is meant by carbocation?

Answer 31

A positive carbon ion

Question 32

What is meant by polymerisation?

Answer 32

Polymerisation is the repeated chemical bonding of monomers to form one polymer

Question 33

What does Markowinoff’s rule state?

Answer 33

The hydrogen will ALWAYS add to the carbon atom that already has the MOST hydrogen atoms attached. This will form our MAJOR product

Question 34

What is a primary alcohol?

Answer 34

A primary alcohol mean the carbon the OH is on has ONE carbon attached to it (or it has 2 H’s)

Question 35

What is a secondary alcohol?

Answer 35

A secondary alcohol means the carbon the OH is on has TWO carbons attached to it. (or it has one H)

Question 36

What is a tertiary alcohol?

Answer 36

A tertiary alcohol means the carbon the OH is on has THREE carbons attached to it (or has no H’s)