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Honors Biology Midterm > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

number of naturally occurring elements on Earth

A

92

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2
Q

how many of the 92 naturally occurring elements are found in living things

A

18

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3
Q

What is the anagram for the most common elements in living things

A

SPONCH

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4
Q

SPONCH stands for what…

A

Sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen

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5
Q

What three elements are found in lipids and carbs

A

Oxygen, Carbon and Hydrogen

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6
Q

What are the five most abundant elements in the human body (in order)

A

Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Calcium

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7
Q

Name four trace elements found in the human body

A

Iron Iodine (Irritated Indians Salted Potatoes) Sodium Potassium

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8
Q

Iron is needed in the body for… to do what…

A

Hemoglobin and it carries oxygen

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9
Q

Iodine is needed in the body for….to do what….

A

Thyroid gland function and metabolism

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10
Q

Sodium is needed in the body for… to do what….

A

nerve/muscle communication

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11
Q

Potassium is needed in the body for…. to do what….

A

Nerve/muscle communication

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12
Q

2 or more elements that are chemically combined

A

Compounds

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13
Q

What are the 2 categories of compounds

A

Inorganic and organic

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14
Q

T or F Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon

A

True

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15
Q

What is the most abundant element in inorganic compound

A

Water is 65 to 95%

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16
Q

What does carbon dioxide supply

A

carbon

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17
Q

T or F Minerals are naturally occurring

A

True

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18
Q

Name 2 minerals that are in inorganic compounds

A

calcium and iron, these are raw materials for building

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19
Q

What is the name of compounds produced in living organisms?

A

Organic compounds

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20
Q

What element is contained in organic compounds?

A

Carbon

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21
Q

What are three characteristics of carbon in organic compounds/

A

Unique bonding long chains form backbone to which other elements attach

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22
Q

building of macromolecules by living organisms

A

biosynthesis

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23
Q

What are 4 types of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins ad Nucleic acids (Cats Lay Patiently Napping)

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24
Q

Carbohydrates contain __, __ and __.

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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25
Q

What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrate?

A

2 : 1

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26
Q

Carbohydrates are a major source of _______.

A

Energy

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27
Q

Carbohydrates are characterized by _______.

A

Size

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28
Q

Name the three carbohydrates by size,

A

Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide Medical Doctor Peter

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29
Q

What is the general formula of a monosaccharide?

A

C6H12O6

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30
Q

Monosaccharides are major “_________ _______” source.

A

immediate energy

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31
Q

Monosaccharides are called _________ _________.

A

simple sugars

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32
Q

What have the same chemical formulas but different arrangements of atoms?

A

Polymers

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33
Q

Name three polymers.

A

Glucose Galactose Fructose

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34
Q

What monosaccharide is this?

A

Glucose

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35
Q

This is an example of what monosaccharide?

A

Galactose

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36
Q

What monosaccharide is this?

A

Fructose

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37
Q

What is the general general formula of a disacchride?

A

C12H22O11

38
Q

What are disaccharides called

A

Double sugars

39
Q

Disaccharides are a source of

A

qucik energy

40
Q

Name three dissaccharide poylmers

A

Sucrose

Lactose

Maltose

(Sour Lemon Munchies)

41
Q

What is sucrose and what 2 monosaccharides are combined

A

Table sugar (glucose + fructose)

42
Q

What is lactose and what two monosaccharides are combined

A

Milk sugar (glucose + galactose)

43
Q

What is maltose and what 2 monsaccharides are combined

A

Malt (glucose + glucose)

44
Q

What is dehydrattion synthesis?

A

it is removing a molecule of water to form a new compound

45
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Many units of monosaccharides

46
Q

True or False. A polysaccharide is a longer term energy storage (approx 24 hours)

A

True

47
Q

Amylose and amylopectin are examples of

A

Polysaccharides

(plant starch made by plants)

potatoes, rice and corn

48
Q

Cellulose is an example of

A

Polysaccharide

Wood

Made by plants

49
Q

True or False. Polysaccharides are support for plants

A

True

50
Q

True or False. Polysaccharides are easily digested by animals

A

False

51
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Animal starch

52
Q

Where is gylcogen stored?

A

in liver and muscle cells

53
Q

What is the glycemic index?

A

Rate at which sugar enters the blood

54
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Breaking process of complex molecules by adding water (opposite of dehydration synthesis))

55
Q

What elements due lipids contain?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

56
Q

What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in lipids?

A

It is greater. More than 2:1

57
Q

Fatty acids amd

A

Fatty acids

glycerol (alcohol)

58
Q

What are several examples of lipids?

A

Saturated Fats

Unsaturated Fats

Phospholipids

Steriods

Waxes

Pigments

59
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A lipid bilayer of a cell membrane

60
Q

True or False. Cholesterol is a lipid

A

True it is a steroid

61
Q

Steroids prodeuce _______ ______________.

A

Sex hormones

62
Q

Name a lipid that is a pigment.

A

Chlorphyll

63
Q

True or False. Saturated fats are bad fats.

A

True

64
Q

Aturated fats are _________fats

A

animal

65
Q

Staurated fats are ________ at room temperature

A

Solid

66
Q

Name several examples of saturated fats.

A

Butter, lard and grease from cooked meats

67
Q

What is the chemical structure of a saturated fat?

A

carbon bonded with 2 hydrogen

68
Q

Saturated fats molecules are _________

A

Straight

69
Q

Unsateruated fats are ___________fats

A

Plant

70
Q

Unsaturated fats are __________ at room temperature

A

liquid

71
Q

Name some unsaturated fats.

A

Olive oil

corn oil

and some fish oils

72
Q

What is the chemical makeup of an unsaturated fat?

A

CArbon double bonded to one hydrogen

73
Q

Unsaturated fats are slightly ___________ or __________

A

twisted

bent

74
Q

What is a hydrogenated fat?

A

Unsaturated fats that have benn atrificailly saturated by the addition of hydrogen atoms

75
Q

Hydrogeneated fats are ________solid at room temperature

A

Solid

76
Q

Name two hydrogenated fats

A

Margarine amnd vegetable shortening

77
Q

What are the most common oganic compunds?

A

Proteins

78
Q

What is the chenical makeup of a protein?

A

Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen , nitrogen and sulfur

79
Q

What are amino acids?

A

building blocks

80
Q

There are how many differnt amino acids?

A

22

81
Q

Amino acids make up _______thousands of different proteins.

A

Thousands

82
Q

Proteins are used to _______ and __________ cells

A

Rebuild

Repair

83
Q

There are how many essential amino acids?

A

11

84
Q

Do you have to eat amino acids daily?

A

Yes

85
Q

Name a food containing amino acids.

A

Milk

86
Q

Name to amino acids in milk

A

Tryptophan and lysine

87
Q

There are ____ nonessential amino acids that your body can make.

A

11

88
Q

What is serine?

A

a nonessential amino acid that is needed for muscle growth and increased immunity

89
Q

Name several examples of proteins

A

Enzymes, antibodies, hemaglobins,hormones and structural proteins

90
Q
A

Honors Biology Midterm (3 decks)

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