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Science > Chemistry 2.0 > Flashcards

Chemistry 2.0 Flashcards

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1
Q

Isotopes

A

Isotopes of an Element share the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

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2
Q

Radiation

A

the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles

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3
Q

Molecular

A

relating to or consisting of molecules.

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4
Q

stable

A

Where the protons and neutrons held together strongly, with a strong nuclear force Usually with a full outer shell.

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5
Q

unstable

A

Where protons and neutrons are not held together strongly.

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6
Q

radioisotopes

A

Radioisotopes are isotopes where its protons and neutrons are not held together strongly. They decay into other elements by releasing particles, which causes radiation.

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7
Q

Nuclear Radiation

A

Nuclear Radiation is the emission of particles and electromagnetic waves.

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8
Q

Alpha Particles

A

Alpha particles are particles emitted from the nucleus of an atom. They consist of two protons and two neutrons, essentially a helium nucleus.

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9
Q

Beta Particles

A

Beta particles are particles that are emitted from the nucleus of an atom. They have the same mass and size as an electron.

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10
Q

Gamma rays

A

Gamma rays are rays emitted from the nucleus after alpha, or beta decay. Gamma rays can penetrate almost anything and can only be stopped by a thick sheet of lead. Gamma radiation is very dangerous. Gamma rays are not particles.

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11
Q

Half-Life

A

The half-life is the time it takes for half of the nuclei of an atom to decay.

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12
Q

cosmic radiation

A

cosmic radiation is the radiation that comes from outer space. They are mostly in the form of high-energy protons from stars and suns.

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13
Q

Radiometric dating

A

Radiometric dating is a technique used to record how old a sample from an archaeological site. It uses a naturally occurring radioisotope to measure its age.

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14
Q

Radiocarbon dating

A

Radiocarbon dating is radiometric dating with the isotopes of carbon.

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15
Q

Nuclear reactors

A

Nuclear reactors are basically generators that use the isotopes of uranium to create electricity. They do this by a process called nuclear fission, which creates heat that causes water to boil, the steam drives the turbines which creates electricity.

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16
Q

Fuel rods

A

Fuel rods are rods that contain uranium dioxide which is sealed in.

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17
Q

fission

A

Nuclear fission is where neutrons are fired at a radioactive element, causing it to split and form two new elements, this releases neutrons radiation and heat.

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18
Q

external radiotherapy

A

External radiotherapy is where they direct radiation to the treatment area by a machine.

19
Q

internal radiotherapy

A

Internal radiotherapy or brachytherapy is where they place a radioisotope inside the body or near itself.

20
Q

Meltdown

A

A meltdown is where the fuel rods in a nuclear reactor melts due to extreme heat.

21
Q

ground zero

A

Ground zero is the centre of the nuclear blast.

22
Q

thermal flash

A

The thermal flash is the enormous amounts of heat and radiation spread out from the centre of the blast.

23
Q

electromagnetic pulse

A

An electromagnetic pulse is a burst of energy in the form of gamma rays which is extremely harmful to all electrical systems.

24
Q

nuclear fallout

A

Nuclear fallout is the radioactive nuclei formed during the nuclear reactions, as well as tonnes of dust are blasted to atmosphere high. In the following weeks, increasing background radioactivity.

25
Q

chemical reactions

A

Chemical reactions are a process which involves the rearrangement of the molecular structure, by breaking bonds and creating new ones, creating different chemical properties.

26
Q

Exothermic

A

Exothermic is when energy and heat is being produced or released by something,

27
Q

Endothermic

A

Endothermic is where energy and heat are being absorbed and gets cold.

28
Q

Precipitate

A

The precipitate is the insoluoble solid that is formed when two soluble substances are mixed.

29
Q

Reactant /reagent

A

The reactant or the reagent is the input substance or chemical in a chemical reaction.

30
Q

Products

A

The products are the produce or the new substances formed after a chemical reaction.

31
Q

Synthesis/Combination reactions

A

Synthesis or combination reactions are reactions that involve multiple reactants forming a single product.
e.g 2 H2(g) + O2(g) = 2 H2O(g)

32
Q

Decomposition reactions.

A

Decomposition reactions are the exact opposite of synthesis/combination reactions. it involves one reactant being split into several products.

33
Q

Combustion reactions

A

Combustion reactions are reactions that involve carbon and hydrogen atoms reacting with oxygen atoms creating carbon dioxide and water vapour. Combustion is an exothermic reaction.

34
Q

Single displacement reactions

A

Single displacement reactions are reactions that involve elements of a pure substance replaces those of an element in a chemical compound. The pure element is usually a metal.
e.g. 2 Al(s) + 3 CuSO4(aq) = Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3 Cu(s)

35
Q

Double displacement/ Precipitation reactions.

A

These reactions are where elements from two compounds switch to form two new compounds, usually with two cations switching spots in an ionic compound.

36
Q

Acid-Base/Neutralisation reactions.

A

These reactions are the same as double displacement reactions except it produces water and salt.

37
Q

Acid-Carbonate reactions.

A

Acid-carbonate reactions occur when an acid and carbonates or hydrogen carbonates react with each another. This produces salt carbon dioxide and water.

38
Q

Acid-Metal reactions.

A

Acid metal reactions occur acids react with metal to form hydrogen gas and salt.

39
Q

Salts

A

Salts are made of a metal and a non-metal

e.g. sodium chloride, potassium chloride, copper sulfate and calcium chloride.

40
Q

Oxidation

A

Oxidation is a process where electrons are lost and oxygen is gained to a metal. Combustion is a notable form of oxidation and so is corrosion.

41
Q

Corrosion reactions

A

corrosion reactions are reactions that corrode or oxides metal by a reaction with air and water. This creates rust,t tarnishes and verdigris.

42
Q

Word equation.

A

A chemical reaction represented with words

43
Q

Formula equation.

A

A chemical reaction represented by chemical symbols.

44
Q

Molecular structure.

A

A chemical reaction represented by molecular images

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