Chemistry Flashcards
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What is a Cation?
Cation (Positive): When atoms lose one or more electrons, it becomes a cation
What is an Anion?
Anion (Negative): When atoms gain one or more electrons, it becomes an anion
What are Ions?
Ions are charged particles that form when atoms gain or lose electrons
What are ionic bonds?
- Ionic bonds form when one atom donated an electron to another atom, leading to the formation of cation and anions. The opposite charges attract causing a strong electrostatic attraction
- Ionic bonds are what helps to stabilise through completing its valence shell
What are atoms?
They are the building blocks of matter
Tell me about each of the subatomic particles, Protons Neutrons and Electrons
Protons +1
Neutrons 0
Electrons -1- Protons:
- Charge: Positive (+1)
- Location: In the nucleus (the centre of the atom)
- Mass: approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
- Neutrons:
- Charge: Neutral (no charge)
- Location: in the nucleus (the centre of the atom )
- Mass: Approximately 1 amu
- Electrons
- Charge: Negative (-1)
- Location: In the electron shells or energy levels surrounding the nucleus
- Mass: Approximately 1/1836 amu (much smaller than protons and neutrons)
What is the mass number?
The amount of protons and neutrons in an atom
What are stable atoms?
Atoms which have an equal amount of neutrons and Protons
What are neutral atoms?
Atoms which have a neutral charge or atoms which have an equal amount of Protons and Electrons
What is an Isotope?
When the atom has the same atomic number but a different atomic mass. An example is Carbon-12 and Carbon 14, Carbon-12 being the stable one
What is the half life formula?
A formula to find out how much of that object is left.
What is the Endocrine System
A system in charge of releasing hormones throughout the body.
What are all the atomic Models and who are their owners?
John Dalton - Atomic theory - 1803
J.J Thomson - Plum Pudding Model - 1897
Earnest Rutherford - Nuclear Model - 1911
Quantum Mechanical model - 1920
Modern developed model.
What is Oestrogen?
Oestrogen helps with the development of bones and strength.
Mainly focused on the female reproduction system and sexual characteristics.
In play on periods and pregnancy with the ovulation and preparation for pregnancy.
What is Progesterone?
Progesterone is a hormone that plays a key part in a females menstrual cycle.
it helps with the development of breasts as well as development of the Uterus lining.
Overall mantains a healthy pregnancy.
Its produced by the Ovaries and Adrenal Glands
What is Testosterone?
- Development of Male Characteristics:
- Deeper voice
- Body Hair
- Increased Muscle Mass
- Spermatogenesis:
- Production of Sperms
Produced by the testicles and the ovaries in females
- Production of Sperms
What is Thyroxin?
A growth hormone produced by the Thyroid. It plays a critical role in the metabolism and growth of the body as well as the blood pressure of the body.
What is insulin?
A hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels by reducing it. It works in conjunction with Glucagon.
What is Glucagon?
Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas which has the opposite effect of Insulin by increasing the blood glucose levels and works in conjunction with Insulin
What are all the parts of the nerve?
- Cell Body (Soma)
- Contains the nucleus and organelles.
- Responsible for maintaining the cell’s health and integrating signals received from other neurons
- Dendrites
- Branch-like structures that extend from the cell body
- Receive signals from other neurons and convey this information towards the cells body
- Axon
- A long, slender projection that transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands
- Axon Terminal
- Chemicals are released and detected by dendrites on another neuron
- The end of the axon
- Myelin Sheath
- A fatty layer that surrounds the axon in some neurons
- Acts as an insulator
- Increases the speed of electrical signals
- Gaps between myelin sheaths are called NODES OF RANVIER
- Synapse
- The gap that is in between each neuron
- The chemicals are released from the axon and the dendrites of the next neurons will detect the chemicals
Acids- PROPERTIES
- Acids are substances that can donate protons (H+ ions) in a solution. They typically have a sour taste and can be corrosive
- Chemical Formula: Acids would often start with a H
-
Properties
- Taste: Sour
- pH Level: <7 (The lower the pH the stronger the acid)
- Reactivity: Metals, Bases and Carbonates
- Conductivity: Conduct electricity when dissolved in water → They dissociate into ions
- Indicators: Acids turn blue litmus paper red, red stays the same
Bases Properties
- Bases are substances that can accept protons (h+ ions) or donate hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution. They typically feel slippery and have a bitter taste
- Chemical Formula: Bases often contain hydroxide ions
-
Properties
- Taste: Bitter
- pH Level: >7 (The higher the pH the stronger the base)
- Reactivity: Acids, metals, other certain organic compounds
- Conductivity: Conduct electricity when dissolved in water → presence of ions
- Indicators: Bases turn red litmus paper blue, blue stays the same
Tell me about Reflex Arcs
- Located inside the spinal cord
1. Receptor: Something triggers the sensory receptors and generates an electrical charge.
2. Entry into the Spinal Cord: The Electrical signal enters the Spinal Cord and synapses with the motor neurons
3. The Result: The motor neurons then send an electrical impulse to the effector or the muscle and the action occurs
