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PCAT > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What types of bonds occur between DNA bases

A

Hydrogen bonds

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2
Q

What class of compounds can be formed by the esterification reaction between glycerol and fatty acids

A

Lipids (Triglycerids)

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3
Q

The rapid breakdown of fats in some forms of diabetes results in the excretion of what

A

Ketones. Fatty acids are converted to ketones in response to low glucose levels (ketogensis). High ketone levels indicate diabetes

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4
Q

In the phase diagram what is the triple point

A

When a substance exists as a solid, liquid, and gas

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5
Q

In the phase diagram what is the critical temperature

A

Temperate above which a substance cannot liquify regardless of pressure

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6
Q

In the phase diagram what is the critical pressure

A

Pressure required to produce liquefaction of substance at critical temperature

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7
Q

What is supercritical fluid

A

Fluid beyond critical point. Has characteristics of both gas and liquid

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8
Q

Henderson-hasselbalch equation (when to use it?)

A

pH at half equivalence point

pH=pka + log [A-]/[HA]
since [A-]=[HA], pH=pka

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9
Q

What is solubulity

A

The solubility of a substance is the maximum amount of that substance that can be dissolved in a particular solvent at a particular temperature

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10
Q

What is a saturated solution

A

When the maximum amount of solute has been added, the solution is in equilibrium and is said to be saturated, if more solute is added it will NOT dissolve, extra solute will remain in solid formq

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11
Q

What is a dilute solution

A

A solution in which the proportion of solute to solvent is small

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12
Q

What is a concentrated solution

A

A solution in which the proportion of solute to solvent is large

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13
Q

What is a supersaturated solution

A

Solutions that contain more solute than found in a saturated solution, the addition of more solute will cause the excess solute in the supersaturated solution to separate and a saturated solution will form. The addition of extra solute would result in the precipitation of some of the previously dissolve solute, such as by forming additional crystals

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14
Q

What is crystallization

A

When a dissolved solute comes out of solution and forms crystals

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15
Q

Arrhenius acid

A

Produced H+ ions in aq soln

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16
Q

Arrhenius base

A

Produces hydroxide ions in aq soln

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17
Q

Lewis acid and base

A

Acid accepts electron pair

Base donates electron pair

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18
Q

Brønsted-Lowry acid and base

A

Acids donate a proton

Base accepts a proton

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19
Q

What is denaturation

A

The loss of secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structure due to distruption of noncovalent interactions and/or disulfide bonds. The primary structure (peptide bonds) remains intact

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20
Q

What properties of a fatty acid affects its melting point

A

The length of the fatty acid (length of hydrocarbon chain) and the number of double bonds. The longer the chain, the higher the melting point. The greater the number of double bonds, the lower the melting temperature. Unsaturated fats have a lower melting temperature compared to saturated fatty acids. Having NO double bonds has a higher melting temperature. The number of double bonds has a more significant effect on melting point than does the length of the fatty acid

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21
Q

What happens when pressure is increased in an equilibrium reaction

A

Equilibrium will shift to the side with less moles of gas

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22
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein

A

A linear chain

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23
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein

A

Alpha helix and/or Beta sheet

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24
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein

A

Folding of the chain

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25
Q

What is the quarternary structure of a protein

A

Interactions between peptide chains that result in an oligomeric protein

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26
Q

What is neutralization

A

Acid + Base -> Water + Salt

HCl + NaOH -> H2O + NaCl

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27
Q

How much does the boiling point increase for every carbon added

A

20-30C

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28
Q

Describe the length of carbon bonds

A

C-C bonds are longer than C=C and C-H bonds

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29
Q

What is the difference between a ribonucleotide and a deoxyribonucleotide

A

The reduction of -OH group on C-2, removal of -OH and replaced by -H on the deoxyribonucleotide

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30
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

Consisting of only carbon and hydrogens

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31
Q

What is the shape of N3-

A

Linear, 180

(two lone pairs)N=N=N(two lone pairs

32
Q

Describe the boiling points of nitriles

A

R-C==N have really high boiling points because they are really polar

33
Q

What is a N->O

A

The arrow is used to denote a coordinate covalent bond in which both electrons of the bond are contributed by one of the two bonded atoms

34
Q

What are the properties of an ionic compaound

A

High melting point, insoluble in a non-polar compound, only soluble in polar solvents

35
Q

What are the properties of a covalent compound

A

Low melting point, soluble in non-polar compounds

36
Q

What are the building blocks of a nucleoside

A

Sugar + Base

37
Q

What are the building blocks of a nucleotide

A

Sugar + Base + Phosphate

38
Q

If the nucleotide sugar is a ribose then

A

It will have an -OH group on C2 and C3

39
Q

If the nucleotide sugar is a deoxyribose then

A

It will have a -H on C2 and a -OH group on C3

40
Q

What is a pyrimidine

A

Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine

A 6-membe ring

41
Q

What is a purine

A

Adenine and Guanine

A 6-member ring fused to a 5-member ring

42
Q

Which will have higher boiling points, straight chain alkanes or their branched counterparts

A

The straight chain alkanes will have higher boiling points than their branched coutnerparts

43
Q

What are elimination reactions

A

E1 and E2 reactions

44
Q

What type of alcohols does E1 work on

A

Tertiary alcohol, takes place in two steps. Is unimolecular, depends on concentration of substrate (starting material)

45
Q

What type of alcohols does E2 work on

A

Primary/Secondary alcohol, takes place in one step. Is bimolecular, depends on both substrate (starting material) and base (attacking species to remove proton, resulting in a double bond)

46
Q

What is a carbocation

A

A positively charged carbon atom, usually an intermediate in SN1 and E1 mechanisms

47
Q

What is a carbanion

A

A negatively charged carbon atom

48
Q

Quantum numbers: what is n

A 
n identifies the principal energy level and is the energy level the electron is in:
Basic formula: ns^2
Example:
1s - in energy level n=1
2s - in energy level n=2
49
Q

Quantum numbers: what is l

A 
l identifies the azimuthal/orbital/angular quantum number and describes the subshell
Basic formula: ns^2
Example
1s - in subshell s: l = 0
2p - in subshell p: l = 1
3d - in subshell d: l = 2
4f -  in subshell f: l = 3
50
Q

Quantum numbers: what is ml

A 
ml identifies the magnetic spin number and describes the precise orbital of a subshell
Ranges from -l to l
Example
l = 1
-1, 0, 1
l = 2
-2,-1,0,1,2
51
Q

Qunatum numbers: what is ms

A

ms identifies the electron spin

Can be +1/2 or -1/2

52
Q

Compare the properties of cyclopropane to methane

A

Cyclopropane has increased reactivity and decreased stability due to bond angles

53
Q

What is transcription

A

The process of RNA synthesis involving a RNA polymerase reading a DNA template strand and transcribing this into RNA

54
Q

What is translation

A

The process of protein synthesis involving a ribosome reading the codons on mRNA

55
Q

Where does fatty acid biosynthesis occur

A

In the cytosol

56
Q

What is required for fatty acid biosynthesis

A

Biotin, NDAPH, and ATP

57
Q

How do you get acetyl-CoA

A

From the beta-oxidation

58
Q

Describe fatty acid biosynthesis

A

Occurs in the cytosol, where the breakdown of fatty acids via beta-oxidation for energy production occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. The first step is the production of malonyl-CoA, this ATP-dependent reaction is catalyzed by the bioton-containing enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The fatty acid synthase uses acetyl-CoA and malonyl-Coa to produce fatty acids and this process requires NADPH

59
Q

How else can you describe hydrogen bonding

A

A form of specialized dipole-dipole intermolecular forces

60
Q

Describe a hydrophobic protein

A

Has a polar group on the surface, and a nonpolar group inside

61
Q

What are phosphodiester bonds

A

They link the riboses in RNA and deoxyriboses in DNA (forms the phosphate backbone of DNA), linkage between C3 of one carbon and C5 of another, two ester bonds

62
Q

What are glycosidic bonds

A

They link the ribose or deoxyribose sugar to the base

63
Q

The production of ketone results from the excessive production of

A

Glycerol

64
Q

What happens if the temperature of an endothermic reaction (H>0) at equilibrium is increased

A

The reaction will shift to the right

AB + heat -> A + B

65
Q

What holds the shape of proteins (tertiary structure)

A

Disulfide bonds

66
Q

What stabilizes a alpha-helicies and beta-sheets (secondary structure)

A

Hydrogen bonds

67
Q

What are free radicals

A

Cause cell damage as a result of exposure to gamma radiation

68
Q

What is collagen

A

The most abundant protein in mammals with a high concentration of proline

69
Q

What are fractional bond orders

A

They occur for molecules or ions that have resonance structures

70
Q

What is a combustion reaction

A

It is exothermic and makes CO2 and H2O and heat is given off

71
Q

How do you calculate H (enthalpy) of a reaction

A

H(products) - H(reactants)

72
Q

What is an exothermic reaction

A

Reactants -> Products + Heat (H<0)

73
Q

What is an endothermic reaction

A

Reactants + Heat -> Products (H>0)

74
Q

What is an elimination

A

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 -> CH3-CH=CH-CH3

Increase in unsaturation

75
Q

What is addition

A

CH3-CH=CH-CH3 -> CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3

Decrease in unsaturation

PCAT (4 decks)

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