Chemistry Flashcards
What types of bonds occur between DNA bases
Hydrogen bonds
What class of compounds can be formed by the esterification reaction between glycerol and fatty acids
Lipids (Triglycerids)
The rapid breakdown of fats in some forms of diabetes results in the excretion of what
Ketones. Fatty acids are converted to ketones in response to low glucose levels (ketogensis). High ketone levels indicate diabetes
In the phase diagram what is the triple point
When a substance exists as a solid, liquid, and gas
In the phase diagram what is the critical temperature
Temperate above which a substance cannot liquify regardless of pressure
In the phase diagram what is the critical pressure
Pressure required to produce liquefaction of substance at critical temperature
What is supercritical fluid
Fluid beyond critical point. Has characteristics of both gas and liquid
Henderson-hasselbalch equation (when to use it?)
pH at half equivalence point
pH=pka + log [A-]/[HA]
since [A-]=[HA], pH=pka
What is solubulity
The solubility of a substance is the maximum amount of that substance that can be dissolved in a particular solvent at a particular temperature
What is a saturated solution
When the maximum amount of solute has been added, the solution is in equilibrium and is said to be saturated, if more solute is added it will NOT dissolve, extra solute will remain in solid formq
What is a dilute solution
A solution in which the proportion of solute to solvent is small
What is a concentrated solution
A solution in which the proportion of solute to solvent is large
What is a supersaturated solution
Solutions that contain more solute than found in a saturated solution, the addition of more solute will cause the excess solute in the supersaturated solution to separate and a saturated solution will form. The addition of extra solute would result in the precipitation of some of the previously dissolve solute, such as by forming additional crystals
What is crystallization
When a dissolved solute comes out of solution and forms crystals
Arrhenius acid
Produced H+ ions in aq soln
Arrhenius base
Produces hydroxide ions in aq soln
Lewis acid and base
Acid accepts electron pair
Base donates electron pair
Brønsted-Lowry acid and base
Acids donate a proton
Base accepts a proton
What is denaturation
The loss of secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structure due to distruption of noncovalent interactions and/or disulfide bonds. The primary structure (peptide bonds) remains intact
What properties of a fatty acid affects its melting point
The length of the fatty acid (length of hydrocarbon chain) and the number of double bonds. The longer the chain, the higher the melting point. The greater the number of double bonds, the lower the melting temperature. Unsaturated fats have a lower melting temperature compared to saturated fatty acids. Having NO double bonds has a higher melting temperature. The number of double bonds has a more significant effect on melting point than does the length of the fatty acid
What happens when pressure is increased in an equilibrium reaction
Equilibrium will shift to the side with less moles of gas
What is the primary structure of a protein
A linear chain
What is the secondary structure of a protein
Alpha helix and/or Beta sheet
What is the tertiary structure of a protein
Folding of the chain
What is the quarternary structure of a protein
Interactions between peptide chains that result in an oligomeric protein
What is neutralization
Acid + Base -> Water + Salt
HCl + NaOH -> H2O + NaCl
How much does the boiling point increase for every carbon added
20-30C
Describe the length of carbon bonds
C-C bonds are longer than C=C and C-H bonds
What is the difference between a ribonucleotide and a deoxyribonucleotide
The reduction of -OH group on C-2, removal of -OH and replaced by -H on the deoxyribonucleotide
What is a hydrocarbon
Consisting of only carbon and hydrogens
What is the shape of N3-
Linear, 180
(two lone pairs)N=N=N(two lone pairs
Describe the boiling points of nitriles
R-C==N have really high boiling points because they are really polar
What is a N->O
The arrow is used to denote a coordinate covalent bond in which both electrons of the bond are contributed by one of the two bonded atoms
What are the properties of an ionic compaound
High melting point, insoluble in a non-polar compound, only soluble in polar solvents
What are the properties of a covalent compound
Low melting point, soluble in non-polar compounds
What are the building blocks of a nucleoside
Sugar + Base
What are the building blocks of a nucleotide
Sugar + Base + Phosphate
If the nucleotide sugar is a ribose then
It will have an -OH group on C2 and C3
If the nucleotide sugar is a deoxyribose then
It will have a -H on C2 and a -OH group on C3
What is a pyrimidine
Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine
A 6-membe ring
What is a purine
Adenine and Guanine
A 6-member ring fused to a 5-member ring
Which will have higher boiling points, straight chain alkanes or their branched counterparts
The straight chain alkanes will have higher boiling points than their branched coutnerparts
What are elimination reactions
E1 and E2 reactions
What type of alcohols does E1 work on
Tertiary alcohol, takes place in two steps. Is unimolecular, depends on concentration of substrate (starting material)
What type of alcohols does E2 work on
Primary/Secondary alcohol, takes place in one step. Is bimolecular, depends on both substrate (starting material) and base (attacking species to remove proton, resulting in a double bond)
What is a carbocation
A positively charged carbon atom, usually an intermediate in SN1 and E1 mechanisms
What is a carbanion
A negatively charged carbon atom
Quantum numbers: what is n
n identifies the principal energy level and is the energy level the electron is in: Basic formula: ns^2 Example: 1s - in energy level n=1 2s - in energy level n=2
Quantum numbers: what is l
l identifies the azimuthal/orbital/angular quantum number and describes the subshell Basic formula: ns^2 Example 1s - in subshell s: l = 0 2p - in subshell p: l = 1 3d - in subshell d: l = 2 4f - in subshell f: l = 3
Quantum numbers: what is ml
ml identifies the magnetic spin number and describes the precise orbital of a subshell Ranges from -l to l Example l = 1 -1, 0, 1 l = 2 -2,-1,0,1,2
Qunatum numbers: what is ms
ms identifies the electron spin
Can be +1/2 or -1/2
Compare the properties of cyclopropane to methane
Cyclopropane has increased reactivity and decreased stability due to bond angles
What is transcription
The process of RNA synthesis involving a RNA polymerase reading a DNA template strand and transcribing this into RNA
What is translation
The process of protein synthesis involving a ribosome reading the codons on mRNA
Where does fatty acid biosynthesis occur
In the cytosol
What is required for fatty acid biosynthesis
Biotin, NDAPH, and ATP
How do you get acetyl-CoA
From the beta-oxidation
Describe fatty acid biosynthesis
Occurs in the cytosol, where the breakdown of fatty acids via beta-oxidation for energy production occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. The first step is the production of malonyl-CoA, this ATP-dependent reaction is catalyzed by the bioton-containing enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The fatty acid synthase uses acetyl-CoA and malonyl-Coa to produce fatty acids and this process requires NADPH
How else can you describe hydrogen bonding
A form of specialized dipole-dipole intermolecular forces
Describe a hydrophobic protein
Has a polar group on the surface, and a nonpolar group inside
What are phosphodiester bonds
They link the riboses in RNA and deoxyriboses in DNA (forms the phosphate backbone of DNA), linkage between C3 of one carbon and C5 of another, two ester bonds
What are glycosidic bonds
They link the ribose or deoxyribose sugar to the base
The production of ketone results from the excessive production of
Glycerol
What happens if the temperature of an endothermic reaction (H>0) at equilibrium is increased
The reaction will shift to the right
AB + heat -> A + B
What holds the shape of proteins (tertiary structure)
Disulfide bonds
What stabilizes a alpha-helicies and beta-sheets (secondary structure)
Hydrogen bonds
What are free radicals
Cause cell damage as a result of exposure to gamma radiation
What is collagen
The most abundant protein in mammals with a high concentration of proline
What are fractional bond orders
They occur for molecules or ions that have resonance structures
What is a combustion reaction
It is exothermic and makes CO2 and H2O and heat is given off
How do you calculate H (enthalpy) of a reaction
H(products) - H(reactants)
What is an exothermic reaction
Reactants -> Products + Heat (H<0)
What is an endothermic reaction
Reactants + Heat -> Products (H>0)
What is an elimination
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 -> CH3-CH=CH-CH3
Increase in unsaturation
What is addition
CH3-CH=CH-CH3 -> CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
Decrease in unsaturation
