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chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is all matter made of

A

atoms

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2
Q

what is an element

A

a substance made up of one type of atom

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3
Q

how are the elements listed in the periodic table

A

from lowest to highest atomic number

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4
Q

what are the subatomic particles of an atom

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

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5
Q

what subatomic particle(s) are/is in the nucleus

A

protons and neutrons

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6
Q

what charge do protons have

A

positive

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7
Q

what charge do electrons have

A

negative

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8
Q

what charge do neutrons have

A

neutral/no charge

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9
Q

what is the atomic number

A

the amount of protons

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10
Q

what is the mass number

A

the number of protons + neutrons

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11
Q

how is an isotopic symbol laid out

A

mass number on top, atomic number on bottom and chemical symbol next to them

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12
Q

what is the mass of an electron

A

1/1800 of the mass of a proton/neutron

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13
Q

what is the mass of a proton/neutron

A

1800x the mass of an electron, the same as a neutron

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14
Q

how are electrons arranged

A

in shells, in energy levels

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15
Q

what is the equation for the maximum amount of electrons in a shell

A

2n², n is the amount of shells

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16
Q

which shells/electrons have the least energy

A

the closer to the nucleus the less energy the shell/electrons have

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17
Q

how do electrons fill their shells

A

electrons begin to fill shells with lowest energy, closest to the nucleus first

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18
Q

what are periods and how many

A

the horizontal rows, numbered 1 to 7

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19
Q

what are groups and how many

A

groups are vertical rows, numbered 1 to 18

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20
Q

how are ions formed

A

an atom loses or gains electrons to have a full valence shell

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21
Q

why do atoms want a full outer shell

A

to make them stable

22
Q

what is a cation

A

a positively charged ion, loses electron/s usually metals

23
Q

what is an anion

A

a negatively charged ion, gains electron/s usually non metals

24
Q

what happens when an element is heated (flame tests)

A

electrons absorb energy and ‘jump’ to a higher shell (energy level), electron is excited and unstable and releases energy to return to original shell (ground state), this energy is (sometimes) released in form of light

25
Q

what happens to the energy when an electron goes from a higher shell to a lower one

A

energy is emitted

26
Q

what happens to the energy when an electron goes from a lower shell to a higher one

A

energy is absorbed

27
Q

how is an isotopic symbol read

A

top number - mass number
bottom number - atomic number
superscript - charge of ion

28
Q

what is special about noble gases

A

they are stable, they have a full outer shell

29
Q

what is ionic bonding

A

when a non metal and metal react in a chemical reaction and a cation (metal) and an anion (non metal) are formed

30
Q

law of conservation of mass

A

matter cant be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, all atoms present at the start are present at the end and the mass of the reactants must equal the mass of the products

31
Q

what happens in a chemical change

A

a new substance is formed, it is usually difficult to reverse

32
Q

examples of chemical change

A

burning toast, cooking an egg, baking a cake (baking part), burning wood, rust

33
Q

what does cobalt stand for

A

colour change, odour, bubbles, appearance/disappearance of a solid, light or sound, temperature change

34
Q

what happens on an atomic level in a chemical reaction

A

bonds in the reactants are broken, the atoms rearrange and new bonds are formed to make the products

35
Q

what are the symbols in a chemical equation

A

s - solid
aq - aqueous (solution/acid/dissolved)
g - gas
l - liquid (usually water only)

36
Q

what does the subscript represent (in a word equation)

A

the number of atoms in a molecule (H₂O has 2 H’s and 1 O)

37
Q

what does the coefficient mean (in a word equation)

A

the number of each molecule and multiplies the subscripts

38
Q

what does a balanced equation need

A

to represent the law of conservation of mass, needs to have the same amount of each atom in the reactants and products

39
Q

what is the rate of reaction

A

the speed at which a reaction occurs

40
Q

how is the rate of reaction measured

A

how fast the reactants are used up or how fast the products are made

41
Q

what must occur for a reaction to take place (particles)

A

particles of different substances must collide

42
Q

how does collision rate affect reaction rate

A

the more (successful) collisions in a given time, the faster the reaction

43
Q

what makes a collision successful

A

molecules collide with enough energy and have the correct orientation (face each other)

44
Q

what happens to the rate of reaction over time

A

the rate decreases, the concentration of reactants decreases, reducing the frequency of collisions

45
Q

how can the rate of reaction be increased

A

increase temperature, increase concentration of dissolved reactants, increase surface area of solid reactants and/or use a catalyst

46
Q

how does temperature affect the reaction rate

A

higher temperatures cause particles to move faster, they have more energy and are more likely to collide with enough energy, number of successful collisions increases, lower temperatures cause particles to move slower

47
Q

how does concentration affect the reaction rate

A

higher concentration means that there are more particles in the same amount of space, particles are more likely to collide and react

48
Q

how does surface area affect the reaction rate

A

any reaction involving a solid can only take place on the surface of the solid, if surface area increases there are more collisions

49
Q

how does a catalyst affect the reaction rate

A

it speeds up the reaction, the catalyst is unchanged/not used up by the end so isn’t therefore a reactant and can be reused, it provides a surface for the reaction to take place on, therefore increases frequency of collisions

50
Q

why are catalysts important in some industries

A

products are made more quickly, reduce the need for high temperatures, can be reused, essential for life, enzymes (biological catalysts)

dynamic science (2 decks)

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