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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the endocrine system made up of

A

endocrine glands

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2
Q

what do the endocrine glands secrete

A

hormones into the blood

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3
Q

what does the endocrine system regulate

A

maintenance of internal homeostasis, growth and development, use of energy, salt and sugar levels in the blood, amount of fluids, stress, appetite

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4
Q

what is the master gland and why

A

the pituitary gland controls the functions of many of the other endocrine glands

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5
Q

example of an endocrine disorder and cause

A

diabetes, pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin/insulin isn’t used properly by the body

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6
Q

what are target cells

A

cells with a matching shaped receptor to the signalling hormone

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7
Q

what is a hormone

A

a signalling molecule

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8
Q

what do hormones do

A

send signals internally, long acting and slower to be received

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9
Q

what do nerve signals do

A

send signals internally, short acting but send a message quickly

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10
Q

how does a hormone travel

A

through the bloodstream

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11
Q

what controls the release of hormones

A

external and internal stimuli

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12
Q

how is external stimuli received

A

through the nerves from the sensory organs in the nervous system

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13
Q

examples of external stimuli

A

temperature change, hearing a loud noise, something scary

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14
Q

how is internal stimuli received

A

through the nerves and other hormones in the body

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15
Q

examples of internal stimuli

A

hunger, thirst, being sick

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16
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the bodies ability to maintain a constant internal environment, despite changes to the external environment

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17
Q

what conditions need to be constant

A

temperature and blood glucose level

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18
Q

how is homeostasis maintained

A

through a negative feedback loop

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19
Q

what does SRBERN stand for

A

stimulus, receptor, brain, effector, response, negative feedback

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20
Q

what happens in the stimulus stage

A

the change that triggers the negative feedback

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21
Q

what happens in the receptor stage

A

signal is received/detected (chemo or thermo receptors

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22
Q

what happens in the brain stage

A

receives message and sends message to effectors

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23
Q

what happens in the effector stage

A

the responding organ receives the message and respond

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24
Q

what happens in the response stage

A

the organ responds and the stimulus reverses

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25
Q

what happens in the negative feedback stage

A

original stimulus is reversed and brain tells effectors to stop

26
Q

what is a positive feedback loop

A

brain tells effectors to keep going, response keeps occurring e.g giving birth, hormones keep coming

27
Q

what are chromosomes

A

structures made of a tightly wound DNA, found in nucleus

28
Q

what are genes

A

segments of DNA that code for a specific protein which determines traits

29
Q

what is a genome

A

complete instructions for making an organism

30
Q

what is the function of DNA

A

contains instructions for making proteins which code for traits

31
Q

what is the structure of DNA

A

double helix shape, made of nucleotides and held together by hydrogen bonds

32
Q

what makes up a nucleotide

A

phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G)

33
Q

what is the base pairing rule

A

adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine

34
Q

what is the main function of RNA

A

create proteins by translation

35
Q

structure of RNA

A

phosphate, ribose sugar and nitrogenous base (A, U(uracil), G, C)

36
Q

similarities between DNA and RNA

A

both have nucleotides with same structure, follow same phosphate sugar backbone, G and C pairing is the same

37
Q

differences between DNA and RNA

A

RNA is single stranded, sugar is different, RNA can leave the nucleus

38
Q

what are proteins and what are they made of

A

made up of amino acids and code for particular traits

39
Q

how is a protein produced (from DNA)

A

transcription - DNA is copied into a RNA molecule by polymerase enzyme, translation - RNA travels to a ribosome and decodes RNA into amino acids that form proteins

40
Q

what are the stages of the cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2, mitosis (PMAT) and cytokinesis

41
Q

what occurs in the G1 phase

A

The cell grows in mass and size by creating more proteins

42
Q

what occurs in the S phase

A

DNA is replicated (synthesised), chromosomes are doubled

43
Q

what occurs in the G2 phase

A

the cell continues to grow by making more organelles

44
Q

what occurs in the mitotic phase

A

in 4 stages, the cell divides chromosomes evenly and gets the cell ready to split into 2

45
Q

what occurs in the cytokinesis phase

A

the cytoplasm is divided and creates 2 new cells, in animal cells the cell membrane pinches (cleavage furrow) and in plant cells a cell plate is produced dividing the 2 daughter cells and then thickens into a cell wall

46
Q

what percent/time of the cell cycle is mitosis

A

10%, 1 to 2 hours

47
Q

what are the 4 stages of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

48
Q

when does mitosis occur

A

after G2 (interphase)

49
Q

what occurs in prophase

A

DNA coils and chromosomes become visible, nucleus disappears and centrioles begin forming the spindle fibres

50
Q

what occurs in metaphase

A

chromosomes attach to the spindle by the centromere and line up in the middle of the cell (equator)

51
Q

what occurs in anaphase

A

centromere splits and sister chromatids seperate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibres

52
Q

what occurs in telophase

A

chromosomes begin to uncoil, spindle fibres disappear and nuclear membrane re-forms

53
Q

what do cell checkpoints do

A

check the cell (DNA) for any damage, ensures it has enough nutrients and ensures the DNA has been properly replicated

54
Q

what do mutations cause

A

uncontrollable cell division and may lead to cancer

55
Q

when is DNA replicated and why

A

in the S phase to ensure new daughter cells will have the same, matching DNA to the parent cell

56
Q

what does the helicase do in DNA replication

A

it unzips and unwinds DNA

57
Q

what does the DNA polymerase do in DNA replication

A

creates a new DNA strand by joining nucleotides, turns one strand of DNA into 2

58
Q

what is produced at the end of DNA replication

A

2 new daughter strands (with 2 parent strands)

59
Q

why do cells need to divide/reproduce

A

to grow the organism and repair and replace the damaged cells

60
Q

what are the cells called after division

A

daughter cells

61
Q

what does not enough mitosis cause

A

it doesn’t allow for cells to grow or repair/replace damaged cells

62
Q

what does too much mitosis cause

A

can lead to cancer due to uncontrolled cell division, cells may mutate in uncontrolled division

dynamic science (2 decks)

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