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A&P > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a polar molecule

A

A neutral, or uncharged molecule that has an asymmetric internal distribution of charge leading to partially positive and partially negative regions

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2
Q

What is cohesion

A

The attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind

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3
Q

What is adhesion

A

The attraction of molecules for other molecules of a different kind

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4
Q

Define “Homeostasis”

A

The Maintenance of stable conditions inside of the body.

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5
Q

What is an Atom

A

The basic unit of a chemical element. It consists of subatomic particles such as PROTONS, NEUTRONS and ELECTRONS.

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6
Q

What 3 parts does an atom consist of?

A

Protons, Neutrons and Electrons

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7
Q

What is contained in the nucleus of an atom?

A

Protons and Neutrons

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8
Q

Where would you find an Electron?

A

Electrons can be found within an atom surrounding a nucleus in a cloud or shell

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9
Q

Define proton

A

A proton is a large, positively charged particle

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10
Q

What does the number of protons in the nucleus determine?

A

What the element is

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11
Q

Define Neutron

A

A neutron is housed in the nucleus and contains a neutral charge.

A neutron determines isotopes

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12
Q

Define electron

A

An electron is a very small negatively charged particle which is housed around the nucleus in a shell or cloud.

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13
Q

What is the “The Octet Rule”?

A

Electrons in the Valance Shell always want to be paired in order to be stable.

When not paired the atom will want to give up or gain one electron so that it can have a full outer/valence shell and be stable.

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14
Q

What is the outter most shell of an atom called?

A

The Valance Shell

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15
Q

What can you tell me about the inner-most shell of the carbon atom?

A

The carbon atom will have only 2 atoms within its innermost shell, as is the case with all elements

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16
Q

What is the number at the top of an element within the periodic table?

A

The Atomic Number and this represents the number of protons in the nucleus.

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17
Q

What does the atomic number represent?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus

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18
Q

Where will you find the “Mass Number” in the periodic table?

A

Below each element, this will be the the sum of protons added to the number of neutrons within an atom.

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19
Q

What is the “Mass Number”?

A

The mass number is the sum of protons (+) added with the number of neutrons (=) within an atom

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20
Q

What is an “Isotope”

A

An isotope is an atom with the same number of protons (+) but a different number of neutrons (=)

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21
Q

What is unusual about an Isotope?

A

The element can have differing numbers of neutrons (=) but always has the same number of protons (+) in the nucleus.

When the number of neutrons (=) is different, the mass number is also different.

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22
Q

What are the 4 main elements that make up our mass?

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen in descending order of abundance

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23
Q

What is the MOST common element in our make up?

A

OXYGEN

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24
Q

Lesser elements making up the 3.6%

A

Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulphur, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium and Iron

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25
Q

What is common about each column group in the periodic table?

A

They have matching valence electrons in their outter shell

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26
Q

What are the electrons called in the outter most shell of the atom?

A

Valence Electrons

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27
Q

What is common about atoms with similar valence electrons?

A

They will have similar reactivity and form similar ions

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28
Q

What is an ION?

A

An ion is an atom or molecule that has that has given up or gained an electron in its valence shell. It will be negatively or positively charged due to the unequal amount of protons and electrons.

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29
Q

What are the two types of ions?

A

Cations - given AWAY electron(s) and POSITIVELY charged
Anions - GAINED electron(s) and NEGATIVELY charged

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30
Q

What is a Cation

A

An atom or molecule that has given away electrons, POSITIVELY charged.

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31
Q

What is an Anion?

A

An atom or molecule which has gained or stolen electrons. It is NEGATIVELY charged.

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32
Q

Examples of Cations

A

Atoms which have lost or given away electrons may be Hydrogen, Lithium and Sodium

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33
Q

Examples of Anions

A

Atoms which have taken or gained electrons may be Fluorine and Chlorine.
Also being negatively charged.

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34
Q

What holds out bones and teeth together?

A

Ionic Bonds

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35
Q

What do ionic bonds primarily do?

A

Give away, or take full electrons so that one element may become positively charge and the other, which is gaining electrons, would become negative

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36
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Ions such as Sodium, Potassium and Calcium.

These are necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions and water balance!

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37
Q

Why are electrolytes important?

A

They are necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions and water balance

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38
Q

What is an example of an ionic bond?

A

NaCl
Sodium Chloride

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39
Q

What is true of Covalent Bonds?

A

They SHARE electrons, and are more common that ionic bonds within the molecules of living organisms.
Generally the strongest.

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40
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

When the sharing of electrons is UNEQUAL and there is partial charge distribution of the molecules

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41
Q

What is a non-polar bond?

A

When the bond has equal electrons to be shared and the electronegative values are even.

(Wants to give electrons as much as wants to gain electrons)

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42
Q

What are the 2 types of covalent bonds?

A

Polar (unequal electronegativity)
Non-Polar (equal electronegative)

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43
Q

What are polar covalent bonds?

A

Bonds with electrons that are unequally shared by the atoms and spend more time by one atom than the other.
Due to this unequal distribution of electrons between the atoms of different elements, partially positive/negative charges develop in parts of the molecule.

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44
Q

What is a non-polar covalent bond?

A

Between 2 atoms of the same element or, that share electrons more or less equally

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45
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Polar covalent bond with a slight positive charges attracting to neighbouring negative charges.
These are common, and water molecules in particular form lots of them.
Individually they are week and easily broken, but together can be very strong.

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46
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

A force that holds atoms of a molecule or compound together

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47
Q

Anaerobic Reactions

A

Do NOT require Oxygen

48
Q

Aerobic Reactions

A

Require oxygen

49
Q

Reversible Reactions

A

Reversible Reactions can go in both forward and backward directions.

In a reversible reaction, reactants turn into products and products back to reactants. In fact; both reactions will take place at the same time and continue until they find relative balance or equilibrium.

50
Q

What is a compound

A

A compound is a substance that contains 2 or more different elements.

E.g. H20 or NaCl

51
Q

What are free radicals

A

A free radical is an atom that has unpaired electrons in its outermost/valence shell.

These are highly reactive and unstable.

52
Q

What is used to inactivate Free Radicals?

A

Antioxidants such as Vitamin E or C, Selenium and Beta Carotene

53
Q

What does a Free Radical do?

A

As a free radical has an empty pairing, it will attempt to steal electrons from nearby molecules, making them unstable also.

54
Q

What is something that could cause a Free Radical?

A

These often form when exposed to radiation such as X-Rays and other harmful substances

55
Q

What is the “Law of Conservation of Energy”?

A

What goes in, must come out.
Same quantities, just rearranged.

This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but transformed and transferred from one form to another.

56
Q

What is a Catalyst??

A

A catalyst is a chemical compound that speeds up a chemical reaction.

These are often enzymes and also usually a protein.

57
Q

What is a synthesis reaction?

A

An ANABOLIC reaction taking 2 smaller molecules and forming one larger molecule.

A+B = AB

58
Q

What is a decomposition reaction

A

A CATABOLIC reaction, taking one large molecule and breaking down into 2 smaller molecules.

AB = A + B

Or ClNa —> Cl + Na

59
Q

What is an Exchange Reaction?

A

Includes both Synthesis and Decomposition reactions.

Exchange of molecules.

AB + CD = AD + BC

Bonds between AB and CD are broken (decomposition) and new bonds are formed (synthesis) between AD and BC.

60
Q

What is a reversible reaction?

A

This reaction can build up and then break down the same molecules.

61
Q

What 3 factors can affect a chemical reaction?

A
  1. Increase in temperature
  2. Increase in concentrations
  3. A catalyst (usually an enzyme)
62
Q

Define metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions within the body.

63
Q

What are the 2 types of metabolism?

A
  1. Catabolism - reactions that breakdown larger molecules into smaller and less complex ones.
  2. Anabolism - reactions are building smaller molecules into larger more complex molecules.
64
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

Large and Complex
Always contains carbon

E.g. all molecules that have carbon and hydrogen.

65
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

Structurally Simple,
DO NOT contain carbon.

E.g. water, salts, acids and bases.

66
Q

Define compound

A

A substance that contains 2 or more different elements

67
Q

Define CATABOLISM

A

This is a reaction that breaks down larger molecules into smaller less complex ones

68
Q

Define ANABOLIC

A

A reaction that builds up larger more complex molecules from smaller ones

69
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A mixture is different compounds or elements physically blended together

70
Q

What are the 3 types of mixtures?

A

Solution - a solute dissolved in a solvent
Colloid - larger particles that refract light, make it cloudy, opaque or translucent
Suspension - a mixture but if left it will settle out and the heavier element will sink to the bottom and the other floats above

71
Q

List some water facts

A

Humans are made of about 55-60% water, and the most abundant inorganic compound in all living systems.

Water serves as a medium for most of the bodies chemical reactions.

It has 2 important properties that allow it to hold both a polar and non-polar end.

72
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

Water loving,
Dissolves easily in water.
e.g. sugar or salt.

73
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

Water fearing,
Does not dissolve easily in water.
e.g. fats and oils

74
Q

What are the 2 most common water reactions within the body?

A

Hydrolysis Reaction (REQUIRES WATER) during digestion, a decomposition type reaction breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones using water to enable absorption.

Dehydration Reaction (MAKES WATER) two smaller molecules join together to form a larger molecule, a molecule of water is also formed.

75
Q

What’s a dehydration reaction?

A

A reaction which combines to smaller molecules together, to form a larger molecule.
A molecule of water is also formed!

76
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

During digestion, a decomposition type reaction breaks down large molecules into smaller ones using water to enable absorption.

This process requires water.

77
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

The pH scale measures the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions.

The scale is logarithmic, meaning that for each 1 point of the scale, it goes up by a factor of 10.

The scale begins at 1 with Very Acidic (H+), is more Neutral around 7 and very Alkaline (OH-) around 14.

78
Q

What is an acid?

A

An acid is a substance which contains more H+ (hydrogen) ions

79
Q

What is a base?

A

A base is a substance that, once dissolved, has more OH- (hydroxide) ions.

It is consider to be more alkaline.

80
Q

How do we maintain our bodies pH?

A

Using Buffer Systems

81
Q

What is a Buffer System?

A

A buffer system convert strong acids or bases into weaker acids or bases to keep our body within homeostasis.

82
Q

What is the most common buffer system in the body?

A

Carbonic Acid-bicarbonate

83
Q

What is Carbonic Acid-bicarbonate?

A

This is the most common buffer system in the body.
It helps to counteract large changes in pH in either direction.

It can both hide the OH- (hydroxide) to make it less basic or hide the H+ (hydrogen) to make it less acidic.

84
Q

What are some examples of organic compound?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids and ATP

85
Q

What is important of Carbohydrates?

A

They provide energy that can also be stored.

They make up 2-3% of our body mass!

86
Q

What are the 3 types of Carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides - ONE sugar molecule

Disaccharides - TWO sugar molecules

Polysaccharides - MORE THAN 2 sugar molecules blended together (often 1000’s blended together)

87
Q

What are Monosaccharides

A

one sugar molecule, a simple sugar.

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

88
Q

What is a Disaccharide?

A

two sugar molecules bonded together, a simple sugar.

Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

89
Q

What are Polysaccharides?

A

A polysaccharide has many sugar molecules bonded together to make a chain.

e.g. glycogen is many glucose molecules bonded in a chain.
these are stored in skeletal muscles & the liver for future use!

90
Q

Tell me about Lipids

A

Lipids make up 18-25% of our body mass.
They are hydrophobic (do NOT dissolve in water)
They store lots of energy.

We have 5 main types.

91
Q

What are the 5 types of Lipids?

A

Fatty Acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids
a) Prostaglandins
b) Leukotriens

92
Q

What is a Fatty Acid?

A

These are used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids.
They can also make ATP.

93
Q

What are the 2 types of Fatty Acid?

A

Saturated (containing single covalent bond)

Unsaturated (contains one or more double covalent bond)

94
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Most plentiful,
Protects,
Insulates &
Provides energy.

Triglycerides are the most highly concentrated form of chemical energy available.
A triglyceride can provide twice as much energy as a carbohydrate or protein.

95
Q

What are 4 benefits of triglycerides?

A

Most plentiful,
Protects,
Insulates &
Provides energy.

96
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Phospholipids are a MAJOR component in our Cell Membranes.

These molecules will also have a polar and non-polar end making it amphipatic. Therefore, this molecule is very reactive to many different substances, attracting some, but not all.

97
Q

What is a steroid?

A

A very large, complex and complicated molecule that forms many hormones.

98
Q

What are some of the processes Steroids assist with?

A

A steroid is a lipid that assists with the formation of sex hormones like Estrogen or Testosterone, Cortisol, Vitamins like Vitamin D, forms of cholesterol, and bile salts for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids.

99
Q

What are Eicosanoids?

A

An Eicosanoid is derived from arachidonic acid.

There are 2 kinds:
a) Prostaglandins
b) Leukotrienes

100
Q

What are the 2 types of Eicosanoids?

A

Prostaglandins - wide variety of functions - respond to hormones, contribute to the inflammatory response, prevent stomach ulcers, dilate airways in lungs, regulates body temperature and influences the formation of blood clots

Leukotrienes - participate in all allergic and inflammatory responses

101
Q

What are some lipids other than the main 5?

A

Carotenes
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Lipoproteins

102
Q

What are proteins?

A

Proteins, also known as peptides, are a large molecule constructed of amino acids bonded together.

Our bodyweight is around 12-18% protein.

They can also act as enzymes and help in structural support of our cells.

103
Q

What are the 2 types of Peptides/Proteins?

A

Fibrous - insoluble in water, forms long strands parallel to one another, structural functions

Globular - soluble in water, spherical shapes, metabolic functions

104
Q

What is true of Fibrous Proteins?

A

They are insoluble in water
They form long strands parallel to one another.
They aid in structural functions.

105
Q

What is true of Globular Proteins?

A

They are soluble in water.
They are spherical shapes.
They aid in metabolic functions.

106
Q

What are the 6 functions of a protein?

A

Structural
Regulatory
Contractile
Immunological
Transport
Catalytic

107
Q

Why are nucleic acids important?

A

The hey store our generic information within DNA and RNA

108
Q

What is the basic unit of Nucleic Acid?

A

Nucleotide

Composed of a nitrogen base, a pentose carbohydrate and a phosphate all bonded together into a double helix

109
Q

Where is DNA?

A

DNA is in the nucleus of the cell, and is double stranded

110
Q

Where would you find RNA?

A

RNA is in the cytoplasm of the cell and is single stranded.

111
Q

What does RNA do?

A

RNA relays information and instructions from the nucleus to guide assembly of amino acids to make new proteins.

112
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A

Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA

113
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate - is the most common form of energy that the body uses.

ATP transfers energy liberated by exergonic catabolic reactions to power cellular activities that require energy.

114
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

A reaction that releases energy (usually heat)

115
Q

What is an Endergonic Reaction?

A

A reaction which requires energy - usually ATP

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